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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Science of Biology Chapter 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Outline Properties of Life Organization of Life Biological Themes The Nature of Science Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning Science in Nature - Ozone Layer Scientific Process Theory and Certainty Limitations of Science
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Life Three important properties shared by most living organisms, and non-living objects: Complexity Movement Response to Stimulation
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Living Organisms Cellular Organization All living organisms are composed of at least one cell. Metabolism All organisms use energy. Homeostasis All organisms maintain stable internal conditions.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Living Organisms Reproduction All organisms reproduce. Heredity All organisms possess a genetic system based on DNA.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of Life Hierarchy of increasing complexity: Organ Systems Organs - Tissues Cell Organelle
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of Life Hierarchy of increasing complexity: Ecosystem - Collection of different communities. Community - Collection of different populations - Population - Individuals of the same type (species) living together.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies
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Biological Themes Evolution - Genetic change in a species over successive generations. Flow of Energy - All organisms require energy. Sun is the source of energy driving all ecosystems. - Plants capture energy via photosynthesis.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Biological Themes Cooperation - Cooperation between organisms is a pivotal role in evolution of life. Structure Determines Function - Biological structures are well suited to their functions. Homeostasis - Organisms act to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Nature of Science Deductive Reasoning Examining individual cases by applying accepted general principles. - Mathematics - Philosophy - Politics Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Nature of Science Inductive Reasoning Discovering general principles through examination of specific cases. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Science in Action - Ozone Layer 1985 - Research found lowered levels of ozone in the upper atmosphere of the Antarctic (25-40 km above surface). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) culprit - CFC’s condense into ice crystals - US is major producer Increased ultraviolet radiation (UV) a serious concern.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display CFCs and the Ozone Layer
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Scientific Process Observation - Careful observation of a process or phenomenon. Hypothesis - Guess concerning the observation. May generate multiple hypotheses. Prediction - Expected consequences of a correct hypothesis. Experiment - Test of a hypothesis.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Scientific Process Experiment - Test of a hypothesis. Controlled Experiment - All factors influencing the experiment (controls) must be kept constant. Conclusion - Draw a conclusion from the results. Reject or fail to reject hypothesis.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies
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Theory and Certainty Theory - Set of hypotheses that have been thoroughly tested over time, and generally accepted by the scientific community. Acceptance is always provisional - To the general public a theory is synonymous with a guess due to lack of knowledge.
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Limitations of Science Scientific study is limited to area that can be observed and measured. Cannot be used to address all questions. Bound by practical limits - Temporal and spatial considerations
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Review Properties of Life Organization of Life Biological Themes The Nature of Science Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning Science in Nature - Ozone Layer Scientific Process Theory and Certainty Limitations of Science
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Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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