1. Motivation

3. Motivational theories ä Instincts ä Drive reduction theory ä Arousal theory ä Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ä Incentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold stars

4. Instincts ä Aggression ä Fear of heights

5. Drive Reduction Theory ä Objective is “Homeostasis” ä The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state. ä The desire to avoid stress ä Hunger or thirst

6. Arousal theory ä The desire to avoid boredom ä Roller coasters ä Horror movies ä When biological needs are satisfied, we look for an optimum level of arousal.

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ä From physiological needs to self- actualization ä Basic needs (thirst, clothing) satisfied before higher needs (self esteem) become motivating.

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.) ä Viewing your work as a calling (e.g. Nun) satisfies higher level needs. ä Exception = altruistic suicide

9. Behavior incentives ä Gold stars

10. Eating disorders ä Motivated to harm themselves ä Anorexia nervosa ä Excessive dieting ä See themselves as fat ä Bulimia ä Purposely binge & purge

11. Sexual motivation ä ä Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle. ä ä Excitement ä ä Plateau ä ä Enough sperm may be released prior to orgasm for conception ä ä Orgasm ä ä Resolution ä ä Refractory period (men only) ä ä Period during which male can not be aroused to another orgasm.

12. Sexual disorders ä Behavior therapy and education can help with: ä Male ä Inability to ejaculate ä Premature ejaculation ä Female ä Orgasmic dysfunction (female) ä Vaginismus ä Medication can help with ä Erectile dysfunction ä Surgery can help with ä Vulvodynia ä Sexual self image problems

13. Sexual orientation ä Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s sexual orientation ä Brain differences may be a factor ä Genetics may be a factor

14. Sexual orientation and brain differences ä Simon LeVay ä Small part of the hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual men than homosexual men. ä Homosexual men were similar to women in this part of the brain.

15. Sexual orientation and genetics ä Twins studies - concordance rates ä Identical twins ä Fraternal twins ä Adopted children

16. Belongingness ä People have a basic need to belong and bond with others ä Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. smoking) ä Spouse abuse ä Some have a greater fear of loneliness than remaining in a physically abusive relationship.

17. Motivation at work

18. Motivating achievement Achievement motivation - The desire to excel with with self discipline beats talent and intelligence.

19. Predictors of job performance ä Aptitude tests ä Job knowledge tests ä Simulated job performance tests ä Informal interviews ä Poorest predictor of job performance ä The interviewer illusion The employer’s idea that they can determine enduring personality traits from the interview.