1. Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution
Shaping the Future
Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution

2. Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution
What are exhaust emissions and how are they harmful?
What are the global regulatory authorities?

3. Urban Pollution London Smog 1952
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

4. Urban Pollution London 2013
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

5. Urban Pollution Beijing 2013
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health

6. Urban Pollution Water Oxygen, Ozone Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitric Oxide
Methane
Ammonia
Formaldehyde (Methanol Fuelled Vehicles)
Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)
Benzene
Sulphur Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Particulates (PM2.5, PM10)
Lead
Exhaust Gas Pollution

7. Urban Pollution from Transportation
Source: Passenger Transport Executive Group. Air Quality in the City Regions: A Transport Toolkit, August 2014

8. Urban Air Quality World Health Organisation Guidelines
Airbourne pollution in micrograms per cubic meter over a period of time (usually hours)

9. Urban Air Quality
Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (2010)

10. Urban Air Quality – London

11. London NO2 Pollution levels at 4:00 pm, Wednesday 12th February, 2014
Urban Air Quality – London
Nowcast
London NO2 Pollution levels at 4:00 pm, Wednesday 12th February, 2014

12. London Particulates Pollution levels at 24th to 26th September 2013
Urban Air Quality – London
Episodes
London Particulates Pollution levels at 24th to 26th September 2013

13. Urban Air Quality – London
Mean Annual NO2 during 2010

14. Urban Pollution from Transportation
Water
Oxygen, Ozone
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitric Oxide
Methane
Ammonia
Formaldehyde (HCHO or CH20)
Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)
Sulphur Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Particulates (PM2.5, PM10)
Separate Legislation
Exhaust Gas Pollution

15. The orange haze over a city caused by ozone build up
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide produce low level atmospheric Ozone (O3)
The orange haze over a city caused by ozone build up
Ozone inhaled can “corrode” lung tissue causing respiratory health problems
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide, together are called NOx

16. Carbon Monoxide causes blood poisoning
Formed due to the combustion of a carbon based fuel within a fuel rich (oxygen starved) environment
Carbon Monoxide causes blood poisoning

17. Some hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer
Hydrocarbons (Non Methane Organic Gases, NMOG)
Formed due to the partial combustion of a carbon based fuel
Ignored
Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog.
Some hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer

18. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog.
Maximum Incremental Reactivity Scale (MIR)
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)

19. Big particles are many spherules stuck together, not bigger spherules
Particulates
Particulates
A collection of solid largely carbon particles (primary particles or spherule) often ‘stuck’ together with semi liquid matter
Primary Particle
Formation
Big particles are many spherules stuck together, not bigger spherules
Transportation & Evolution
Deposition
Destruction
Ref Eastwood et al

20. Urban Pollution
Particulates

21. Urban Pollution Particulates – PM10 and PM2.5 (fine particles)
Sources:
Road Transport (Exhaust)
Road Transport (Road Dust)
Power Generation (Gas)
Metal Refining
Waste Incinerators
Wood Combustion
Fertilizers
Sea Spray
Crops
Etc

22. Global Exhaust Pollution Regulation
Three principle regulatory bodies;
Californian Air Resource Board (CARB)
United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA)
European Union
Approaches;
Regulation limits mass of specified pollutant per mile or kilometre travelled per vehicle
Type Approval - Verified Testing of Representative Vehicle (EU)
Self Certification & Fleet Average – Body of Evidence (CARB & EPA)
California (CARB) - LEV II Standards (Low Emissions Vehicle) to 2019
US Federal (EPA) - Tier 2 Standards
European Union (EU) – Euro 5 Standards, Euro 6 from 2014

23. EU Regulated Emissions

24. US Federal Regulated Emissions
Vehicles have to comply with one of the Permanent Bins plus the Fleet Average of 0.07 g/mile for NOx

25. Californian Regulated Emissions
Low Emission Vehicles (LEV)
Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV)
Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (SULEV)

26. Thank You for Listening