1. Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation Transcription - detail
Animation – overview of transcription/translation
Transcription - detail
Translation - detail

2. Types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

3. 3 steps of transcription
Promoter Region
RNA Polymerase
Primary Transcript is made from the coding strand of DNA
Terminator Region
Transcription Animation

4. RNA Processing
mRNA has a short life span
A cap is added
A poly-A tail is added
Protect enzymes from breaking down mRNA in the cytoplasm
Introns
Exons
Splicing is the process of removing introns and rejoining cut ends

5. The Genetic Code (pg 237)
Combine DNA nucleotides to code 20 different “words” (amino acids)

6. The Genetic Code

8. Translation Translation Animation – detailed:

9. Making a Protein
DNA serves as a template in for making RNA in the nucleus
RNA goes to the cytoplasm
RNA attaches to the ribosome
tRNA contains an anticodon that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA
Amino acids are bonded together to make a polypeptide

10. THEDOGBITTHECAT THEDOGBITTHECAR
Genetic Mutations
THEDOGBITTHECAT THEDOGBITTHECAR
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR
POINT MUTATION:
A change in a single base pair in DNA

11. Genetic Mutations

12. Genetic Mutations THEDOGBITTHECAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT
If a single base is added or deleted from DNA, this is a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION, because it shifts the reading of codons by one base.
A different sequence of codons and amino acids results.

13. Genetic Mutations

14. Normal Hemoglobin GGG CTT CTT TTT Sickled Hemoglobin GGG CAT CTT TTT
DNA BASE SEQUENCES:
Normal Hemoglobin GGG CTT CTT TTT
Sickled Hemoglobin GGG CAT CTT TTT
(Sickle-cell anemia)
Point Mutation or Frameshift Mutation?

15. Sickle Cell Anemia
POINT MUTATION OR FRAMESHIFT MUTATION?

16. The 20 Amino Acids
General Structure
(Variable or R group)

17. CODON BINGO!

18. VIRUSES Living or Not? No cells Tiny particles Replicate Evolve
Do not carry out own metabolism
Do not respond to environment
Different structures

19. How do viruses replicate?
Lysogenic Infections
Lytic Infections
Host cell enzymes replicate viral DNA
Viral genes transcribed and translated on host ribosomes
Proteins reassemble into virus particles
The cells lyses (splits)when there are many viruses in the host cell; they infect other cells
Viral DNA inserts into cellular DNA
Viral DNA is therefore copied when the host cell replicates
No production of new viruses
Stress to host can activate cell to enter into lytic cyle (example: starvation)

20. Protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

21. Chromosome Structure
DNA helix
nucleosomes
30 nm solenoid

22. scaffold-associated condensed loops
30 nm solenoid
chromatin loops
scaffold-associated condensed loops

23. scaffold-associated condensed loops
Chromatin
30 nm solenoid
chromatin loops
scaffold-associated condensed loops

24. scaffold-associated condensed loops
metaphase chromosome

25. How nucleosomes affect transcription
nucleosome particle in a 30nm fiber
DNA wrapped around
histone proteins
two H2A
two H2B
two H3
two H4
histone octamer

26. How nucleosomes affect transcription+
(+)-charged lysines of histone proteins interact with (-)-charged phosphates of DNA +
DNA is tightly wrapped around histone octamer
lysine Ac
reversible acetylation of lysines neutralizes charges
DNA decondenses from histone octamer
N-O-C-CH 3 O || | H
histone acetylation is correlated with transcriptional activity
acetylated lysine

27. Transcription activators can promote histone acetylation
TATA
HRE
nuclear hormone receptors
histone acetylation
TFIID
TATA
HAT
Histone Acetyl Transferase
co-Activator(s)
coA

28.                                              Copyright © The National Human Genome Research Institute