1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and England

2. Iberians (Old & New Stone Age) The first people to live in England Physical characteristics: ▫Short ▫Dark hair and skin Lifestyle: ▫Knew how to make bronze (an alloy) Stonehenge – from the Saxon, meaning “hanging stone” ▫May have been used by Druids for religious rites dealing with the lunar & solar cycles

3. Celts (Approx. 600 BC – 55 BC) Physical characteristics: ▫Tall, blonde ▫Warriors Lifestyle: ▫Cured ham, kept bees, made wooden barrels ▫Skilled artisans who introduced the use of iron to Europe ▫Had a legal system that specified individual rights Woad – a blue dye ▫Celts would dye their bodies to give themselves a terrifying appearance in battle.

4. More about Celts Animism – religion of Celts ▫Saw spirits in everything (rivers, trees, stones, fire) These spirits controlled all aspects of existence and had to be constantly satisfied Druids – priests ▫Acted as intermediaries between gods and people; they sometimes called for ritual dances or sacrifices

5. Romans (Approx. 55 BC – 400 AD) Beginning of Christianity Julius Caesar – 55 BC ▫Conquered Gaul (a region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, and parts of the Netherlands and Germany) ▫Then he sailed across the English Channel to learn about Britain

6. More about Romans Contributions: ▫Roads (5000 miles of stone road, some still in use today) ▫Walls ▫Villas ▫Great public baths Hadrian’s Wall ▫A 73-mile long defensive wall linking the North Sea & the Atlantic; separated England & Scotland Romans left in 410 AD because of problems in Rome…

7. Anglo-Saxons (450 AD) Germanic invaders: Angles, Saxons, Jutes Alfred the Great: ▫Led Angles, Saxons, Jutes against the invading Danes (Vikings) uniting Anglo-Saxon England ▫Revived interest in learning and in the English language St. Augustine ▫Converted England to Christianity the second time by converting the Jute king

8. More about Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – a lengthy running history of England instituted by Alfred the Great. Because of his efforts, English began to gain respect as a language. Class structure: ▫Earls – free men ▫Churls – unfree men (slaves or tenants)

9. And more about Anglo-Saxons Lifestyle: ▫VERY SOCIAL! ▫Mead – drink of fermented honey, malt, & spices ▫Mead hall – center of family life; fire in the center; dias at one end ▫Entertainment:  Women – needlework  Men – played chess & backgammon; enjoyed fishing, hunting, gambling, drinking, & fighting ▫Food – meat & fish; primary vegetable – cabbage  Dinner would last for several hours

10. And the last of Anglo-Saxon info Commerce: ▫Families usually provided for themselves. ▫Chapmen – peddlers Literature: ▫Monks – spent almost all of their daylight hours copying manuscripts by hand in a scriptorium (writing room) ▫Scop (or bard) – skilled storytellers who sang of gods and heroes; were revered as much as warriors

11. Hagar the Horrible