1. Trinity College Dublin The Process of Reconciliation Dynamics of Reconciliation – Week 3 Dr. David Tombs

2. Trinity College Dublin The nature of post-Cold War Conflicts Escalation in intra-state conflicts Increase in ‘identity-based conflicts’ with ethno-nationalist dimension Significance of religion in identity-based conflicts Difficulty of community separation post- conflict

3. Trinity College Dublin Duration of the Reconciliation Process Sustainable reconciliation is likely to be a long- term process. As a rule of thumb the time for reconciliation will take at least as long as the conflict.

4. Trinity College Dublin Stages in the Reconciliation Process Luc Huyse suggests 3 stages of social relationship in a reconciliation process Co-existence – replacing fear Trust – building confidence Empathy – reaching out in understanding Bloomfield et al., Reconciliation After Violent Conflict, pp. 19-33 (esp. 19-21).

5. Trinity College Dublin Components of Reconciliation John Paul Lederach Truth Justice Mercy Peace John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997), pp. 24-31.

6. Trinity College Dublin Comp0nents of Reconciliation Luc Huyse Healing Restorative Justice Truth-telling Reparation Luc Huyse, ‘The Process of Reconciliation’ in D. Bloomfield et al. (eds.), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook (Stockholm: IDEA, 2003), p. 19.

7. Trinity College Dublin Components of Reconciliation Joseph Liechty Truth Justice Forgiveness Repentance

8. Trinity College Dublin Discussion questions What do you see as the strengths and weaknesses of Lederach’s framework? Where might the different mechanisms and dynamics reinforce each other and where might they be in tension? Do any of the frameworks of Huyse or Liechty have significant advantages or disadvantages when compared to Lederach?

9. Trinity College Dublin The Context of Reconciliation The Nature of the Conflict The need to understand the nature of the conflict (including its extent and duration) and the social divisions that it has fed on and will leave behind as legacies.

10. Trinity College Dublin The Context of Reconciliation The Nature of the Transition The need to understanding the nature of the political transition, including: its completeness, political stability and the balance of power the formal peace agreements and new structures that accompany it the level of wider public support

11. Trinity College Dublin The Context of Reconciliation The Political and Social Context The need to understand the political and social ‘context’ of the conflict, the transition and the reconciliation process, including: Economic factors Geographical factors Ethnic factors Gender factors Religious factors Cultural factors

12. Trinity College Dublin Assessing Reconciliation Initiatives Does the initiative see reconciliation as a process or state, and how does it bring the dynamics of reconciliation together? Which level(s) does the initiative work at (and what is happening at that level in the local context)? Which part of the spectrum of reconciliation does the initiative address?