1. Gender and Development Class Lecture 7: Date: 20/07/12

2. Gender and Development What is Gender inequality?  Inequality in Education  Inequality in employment and Earnings  Inequality in Voices  Inequality in Wealth  Inequality in division of labor  Inequality in Time of work  Inequality in Household allocation  And……..?

3. Theoretical Approaches  Women in Development (WID)  Women and Development (WAD)  Gender and Development (GAD)  Women, Environment and Development (WED)  Ideas of Women, Environment and Sustainable Development  Southern Theoretical Perspectives  Discourse/Language of WID

4. Women in Development (WID)  Traditional/Modern and Liberal/Progressive  Boserup(1970): Integration women as workers and producers.  Three World Conference:  International women’s year in 1975 in Mexico and start of women’s decade  Mid-Decade conference in Copenhegen in 1980  Colossal Nairobi Conference in 1985

5. Women in Development (WID)  Meaning of WID: Economic development with Equality in Law and Political Rights Education Employment Empowerment Economic development  Perspectives: Early Practitioners: Welfare for mothers Scholars  Documenting Women’s work  Adapting Development Theory and DAWN

6. Women in Development (WID)  Five Categories in WID Welfare Approach: Control population growth Equity Approach: Civil and Political Rights Anti-poverty Approach: Waged work Efficiency Approach: Economic structural adjustment Empowerment Approach:

7. Women and Development (WAD)  Debates between Marxist and Liberal feminist  Dependency Feminism  Global Capitalist Patriarchy and Male violence  Capital accumulation and the social relations of gender

8. Gender and Development (GAD)  From 80’s. Focus not only women rather the social relation between man and women. Main points: Gender relation not women Women as active agent but men and women are unaware of the discrimination. Holistic Approach to understand inequality Development in a complex process involving social, economic, political and cultural betterment of individual. Welfare or anti-poverty is not the goal rather these are the necessity to achieve goal. Strategies:  Collective grouping to increasing the bargaining power rather than access to cash economy  Role of the state is important  Local communities to support

9. Women, Environment and Development (WED)  Ecofeminist: Male control over nature and women. proposing fundamental changes in dominant discourse of development to incorporate women’s voices and contextualize local-knowledge to protect environment and women Oil crisis and fuel issue  Reduce wood fuel consumption by introducing wood saving stove  Initiate afforestation 1972 UN conference on Human environment and Chipko movement Nairobi Forum 1985: women as environmental manager

10. Ideas of Women, Environment and Sustainable Development  Minimizing negative effect to target women as recipient of economic development with critique of western development model and proposing and alternative development model.  Economistic view where sexual division of labor: production/reproduction, Women as nature thus double exploited.  More ‘cultural’ thinking where women are presumed to be associate with nature.  Colonialism  Western, patriarchal reductionist science and technologies serving capitalism verses traditional cultivation in mutual relation with nature.  Commoditizing nature

11. Ideas of Women, Environment and Sustainable Development  Development Agencies’ Conceptualization of WED Considering women and environment solves the problem of development thus development planners are emphasizing women’s role to protect environment. Reinforcing women/nature connection continued subordination Associating GAD with WED Struggle with ideology and actual sexual division of labor

12. Southern Theoretical Perspectives  WID, WAD, GAD and WED are northern perspectives, and Third world women have proposed alternatives Race, Class, Nation: not universal Empowerment from collective

13. Southern Women’s movement and Empowerment process:  Women's movement: Not from anti-colonial movement Not only survival rather political activism  Movement is not monolithic

14. Discourse/Language  Feminist post-modernist critic of terminologies and categories of western feminism  Category of women and Third world women  Problematising Purdah