1. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Electric Power Applications of Superconductivity Paul M. Grant EPRI IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997

2. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Ten Years Ago...

3. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Electricity and the Quality of Life Emerging Developing Developed FSUs log [ per capita GDP ] log [ per capita Electricity Generation ] Persian Gulf b Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world b Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century

4. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Electricity & QoL: Asian Scene China Cambodia Vietnam Philippines Indonesia Laos

5. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Electricity & Energy Conservation E/GNP (index: 1900=100)Electricity (%) E/GNP ratio Electricity fraction Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990 1880190019201940196019802000 50 40 30 20 10 150 130 110 90 70 50 Electricity is the most efficient and convenient means mankind has found to transport energy throughout his habitat….

6. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Electricity - A Necessity of Life

7. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 The Electricity Paradigm b Generation/Storage Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, ChemicalFossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)“Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass) b Transmission/Distribution Overhead & UndergroundOverhead & Underground ac & dcac & dc b End Use Industrial (Motors, Thermal)Industrial (Motors, Thermal) Residential (Lighting, Appliances)Residential (Lighting, Appliances)

8. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 The Electricity Paradigm and Superconductivity b Generation/Storage Generators, SMES, FlywheelsGenerators, SMES, Flywheels b Transmission/Distribution Cables, Transformers, FCLsCables, Transformers, FCLs b Delivery/End Use Motors, ElectromagnetsMotors, Electromagnets All Depend on Wire!

9. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 1986: Discovery of HTSC La 1-x Ba x CuO 4+ 

10. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 1987: “The Prize!”

11. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 T C Progress Over the Years 190019201940196019802000 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C High-T C 164 K

12. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process ASC Wire Forming Process Oxide PowderMechanically Alloyed Precursor A. Extrusion B. Wire Draw C. Rolling 1.Powder Preparation Billet Packing & Sealing Deformation & Processing Oxidation - Heat Treat 2. 3. 4.

13. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape

14. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Malozemoff’s Law

15. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Type II Superconductivity -M H H C2 H C1 1/4 

16. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice Lorentz force

17. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Vortex Matter

18. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Hg-1212: Fission-Induced Splay Defects b L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, To Appear b World record H irr at 77 K in Hg-1212 b Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at TCSUH b Potential for special purpose high-field magnets

19. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape: E-J Characteristic E = aJ n n = 15 T = 77 K E = 1  V/cm

20. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Differential  : dE/dJ 3.0E-10 + 2.4E-07 Aluminum* *Aluminum @ (E=1  V/cm, J=250A/cm 2 )  = anJn -1 T = 77 K

21. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Difference  :  E/  J 2.0E-11 + 2.4E-07 Aluminum* *Aluminum @ (E=1  V/cm, J=250A/cm 2 )  = E/J T = 77 K

22. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Homework Problem  MRI/  SMES Proto-Solenoid Diameter = 1m; Length = 5mDiameter = 1m; Length = 5m Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000 Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95HWire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95H b Operation Parameters I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm 2 );  V = 1.57VI = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm 2 );  V = 1.57V “R” = 0.004  (J = 50,000A/cm 2, E = 1  V/cm)“R” = 0.004  (J = 50,000A/cm 2, E = 1  V/cm) E = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616WE = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W

23. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Solenoid Loop Current: t > t 0 L R(I) I(t) bIL dI dt 0 I(t) b(n1) L (tt)I n 00 1n 1 1n            

24. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 “Persistent” Current Decay B = 0.50 T B = 0.25 T 12 Days

25. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 HTSC Wire C/P Specs

26. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape J C (B,T), B||ab

27. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape J C (B,T), B||c

28. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Layered CuO Perovskites

29. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Irreversibility Field

30. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 J C = f(grain boundary): Y-123

31. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Y-123 Coated Conductors b TM Alloy Tape Substrate b YSZ/CeO Buffer Layer b > 1  Thick Y-123 Film b Texturization: Ion Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer LayerIon Beam Assisted Depostion of Buffer Layer Deformation-Textured Tape SubstrateDeformation-Textured Tape Substrate

32. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Y-123 on IBAD YSZ

33. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 J C vs.  -scan for Y-123 on IBADed YSZ

34. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 J C Comparison: Y-123 (IBAD from LANL)

35. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 J C Comparison: Y-123 (RABiTS ® from ORNL)

36. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Urban Transmission: ca. 1900 b City streets jammed with poles, overhead lines b Visual pollution, danger b No more rights-of-way

37. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Conventional Cable-in-Conduit b Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia) b Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan b Easy to retrofit

38. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Urban Utilities: ca. 1920

39. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 US Electricity Flow - 1994 1 Quad = 0.29 TkWh 0.28 TkWh 0.15 TkWh 3.24 TkWh

40. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 U.S. Electricity Production/Loss Summary

41. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Superconductivity and Efficiency

42. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Wire-to-Cable 50-meter Cable to be HV- and LT-Qualified, 1/98

43. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 EPRI/Pirelli Cable: Conductor ac Losses

44. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 Global Electrification: A Superconductivity Solution

45. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 The Superconducting Electricity Pipe! b Total Cryo System b Power: 5 GW dc b Cost: 500 Miles

46. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 The Standard Model

47. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 The Fermilab Pipetron 150 TeV COM Hadron Collider based on superferric magnets energized by a 50 kA superconducting dc cable -- tunnel about 2.5 m dia, 800 km circumference.

48. Powering Progress EPRI P.M. Grant IBM Almaden S&T Colloquium 12 September 1997 HTSC Cables: Is Their Future dc? Edison Maybe he was right after all! Tesla Inventor, Polyphase ac System