1. Developing Adaptable Software Architectures for Real-Time Systems Using Design Patterns Lawrence Chung, Kendra Cooper, Anna Yi The University of Texas at Dallas

2. Why, What, How Software adaptation is an inevitable process Real-time systems also need adaptability (Micro-architectural) design patterns are considered promising, potentially with orders of magnitude in improvements (perhaps concerning architectural adaptability) But, lack of systematic methodology for developing adaptable (real-time) software using design patterns Our proposal: An NFR approach (treat adaptability as a (soft) goal to achieve)

3. An Example: HACS (Home Appliance Control System)

4. Proteus as a Framework 1. Post adaptability requirements, along with other NFRs and FRs 2.Refine NFRs and prioritize them 3. Consider architectural alternatives 4.Consider design patterns 5. Analyze tradeoffs among the architectures and design patterns 6. Select among the alternatives of architectures and corresponding design patterns that best satisfice the NFRs 7. Compose the selected design patterns into parts of the selected architectural design How to build such a system?

5. Developing Adaptable Software Using Design Patterns An architectural design is a solution There should be a corresponding problem Hence, need for establishing traceability But, starting with the problem Adaptability is a Non-Functional Requirement (NFR) – hard to define, conflicting with other NFRs, often subjective, etc.

6. An NFR Approach The NFR Framework for dealing with NFRs Establishes traceability between problem and solution Graded contributions: make, help, hurt, break Tradeoff analysis Softgoal interdependency graph (SIG) AND/OR decompositions, explore alternatives

7. SIG for Adaptable HACS with Design Patterns and Tradeoffs High Cohesion [Architecture, HACS] Low # Connection [Architecture, HACS] Mediated Connection [Architecture, HACS] Loose Coupling [Architecture, HACS] Low Coupling [Architecture,HACS] + + + + + !Speed [HACS] Transformability [HACS] Detectability [Change in environment] Adaptability [HACS] Automatic- Manual- Recognizability [Change in HACS] Enactability [Change in HACS] - - Strategy Pattern [Architecture, HACS] Wrapper Pattern [Architecture, HACS] Reactor Pattern [Architecture, HACS] + + + Indirect Connection [Architecture, HACS] Satisficing Adaptability Requirement

8. Design Patterns Solutions to recurring problems Architectural solutions as the highest-level Hence, component-/connection-oriented Micro-architectural “design patterns” started by GoF Data structure and algorithm oriented Cf. “idioms” for program patterns Important part of Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) -- an open standard for implementing and deploying component-based enterprise applications. Also for J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Mobile Edition)

9. Design Patterns for Adaptable Software Client Wrapper request( ) Wrappee specific_request( ) request( ) specific_request( ) Wrapper Pattern: Intent: To encapsulate lower-level functions within type-safe, modular, and portable class interfaces Helps to: 1) avoid tedious, error-prone, and non-portable programming of low-level IPC mechanisms 2) combine multiple related, but independent, functions into a single cohesive abstraction. Structure:

10. Design Patterns for Adaptable Software Reactor Pattern: Intent: To decouple event demultiplexing and event handler dispatching from the services performed in response to events. Helps to: 1) demultiplex multiple types of events from multiple sources of events efficiently within a single thread of control 2) extend application behavior without requiring changes to the event demultiplexing/dispatching framework. Structure:

11. Design Patterns for Adaptable Software Strategy Pattern: Intent: To define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it. Helps to: extend the policies for advertising, listening, creating, accepting, and executing a service handler without modifying the core algorithm. Structure:

12. Figure 7. Composition of Tailored Design Patterns for HACS Client Mobile Device Home_Appliance_Controller in Wrapper activate (appliance) Server Microwave_Oven in Wrappee activate_thru_socket( ) activate(appliance) ac.activate_thru_socket( ) Server Microwave_Oven in Wrappee activate_thru_rmi( ) ac.activate_thru_rmi( ) Case context: not-so-hungry: CookMostlyFinalAdjustOnArrival() very-hungry: FastCookFastSetTemp() romantic: SlowCookSlowSetTemp() hungry_tired_maybe_late: … Home_Appliance_Controller Strategy Cook_SetTemp() { hungry_tired_maybe_late } Client Mobile Device Context(activate) Strategy CookMostlyFinalAdjustOnArrival() Strategy FastCookFastSetTemp() { FastCook; FastSetTemperature } Strategy SlowCookSlowSetTemp() { SlowCook; SlowSetTemperature} Invocation Adapatation Composition of Design Patterns

13. Knowledge base of Architectural Patterns Search for architectural patterns for adaptable real-time system can be difficult and time-consuming A repository for efficient search and reuse of knowledge about architectural patterns for adaptability and about their implications Inference rules organized along hierarchies

14. Conclusions  Contributions A systematic methodology for using design patterns in developing adaptable (real-time) software  Future Work Future applications, e.g., to J2EE Populating KB Mapping pattern language categories to SIG

15. Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) Framework Features Component-based run-time framework for Java applications (bundles) Java API for managing bundle life-cycle Bundles installed or uninstalled on-demand from the network

16. The “compilation” of the Connection Management Pattern from the Acceptor, Connector, Reactor, Strategy and the Wrapper Façade patterns

17. The conventional method of accepting service requests: Initialization, Task-1, Task-2, …

18. Initialization, Task-1, Task-2, … The Acceptor Pattern: Advises decoupling of Initialization task from other tasks

19. Initialization, Task-1, Task-2, … Acceptor Pattern The Reactor Pattern: Provides synchronous demultiplexing of asynchronous events to their corresponding event-handlers Various strategies ATM, IP, SONET Strategy Pattern Low level functions Uniform interface Wrapper Pattern … all this is for the connection acceptor

20. On the connection requestor (client) side… Application makes connection request Connection handler Various strategies Cached Connect strategy, X strategy, Y strategy,… send_connect_request( )

21. Connector Acceptor, Strategy, Wrapper, combination Reactor + Acceptor-Connector Pattern Connection Management Pattern we saw…