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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Contributes to every dimension of wellness Defining psychological health › Positively (presence of wellness) › Negatively (absence of sickness) 2
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychology of Being (1968) › Hierarchy of needs Physiological needs Safety and security Love and belongingness Self-esteem Self-actualization 3
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Self-Actualization › Realism › Acceptance Self-concept Self-esteem › Autonomy › Authenticity › Capacity for intimacy › Creativity 4
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5
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Martin Seligman › Goal of positive psychology “To find and nurture genius and talent” “To make normal life more fulfilling” › Happiness achieved in different ways The pleasant life Maximizing positive emotions The engaged life Emotional intelligence The meaningful life 6
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Not the same as psychological normality › Mentally normal simply means being close to average Psychological diversity › Range of ideas, lifestyles, and attitudes “Mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy” Psychological health can’t be judged on outward appearance 7
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Growing up psychologically Erik Erickson’s stages of life › Developing an adult identity Identity crisis › Developing intimacy › Developing values and purpose in your life 8
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Developing a positive self-concept › Integration › Stability 9
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Meeting challenges to self-esteem › Challenge your self-concept Acknowledge that something has gone wrong › Notice your patterns of thinking Cognitive distortions › Avoid focusing on the negative › Develop realistic self-talk 10
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Defense mechanisms › Healthy and adaptive—humor, altruism Can also be maladaptive; obscuring solutions Being optimistic Maintaining honest communication › Assertiveness training 11
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Dealing with loneliness Dealing with anger › Reframe/distract › Validate/disengage 12
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Anxiety disorders › Specific phobia Fear of something definite › Social phobia Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being observed by others › Panic disorder Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety Agoraphobia Panic attacks 14
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) › Excessive and uncontrolled worry about many issues › Persistent feeling of nervousness, depression Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) › Obsessions: recurrent, unwanted thoughts or impulses › Compulsions: repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions 15
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) › Reaction to a severely traumatic event › Acute stress disorder if symptoms resolve in less than a month Treatment for anxiety disorders › Medication › Psychological interventions Cognitive-behavioral therapy 16
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) › Inattention › Hyperactivity › Impulsivity To be diagnosed with ADHD: › Symptoms before age 12 › Persistent pattern of behaviors Present in two or more settings 17
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Depression › Most common mood disorder › Demoralization Feeling of sadness and hopelessness Loss of pleasure Poor appetite, insomnia, restlessness Thoughts of worthlessness Trouble concentrating Thoughts of death or suicide › Dysthymic disorder Symptoms for longer than 2 years 18
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Treatment depends on severity › Drug therapy Antidepressants Target key neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin › Psychotherapy › Hospitalization if suicidal › Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Light therapy for those with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 19
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 20
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Mania › Mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem Bipolar disorder › Mental illness characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania 21
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Schizophrenia › Mental disorder that affects thinking and perceptions of reality › General characteristics Disorganized thoughts Inappropriate emotions Delusions Auditory hallucinations Deteriorating social and work function 22
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Expressing the “wish” to be dead Increasing social withdrawal/isolation Sudden inexplicable lightening of mood Previous history of attempts Suicide by a family member or friend Readily available means of committing suicide History of substance abuse or eating disorders Serious medical problems 23
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 24
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Biological › Pharmacological therapy Behavioral › Stimulus, response, and reinforcement › Practice exposure Cognitive › Ideas, attitudes, behaviors and feelings Psychodynamic › Thoughts 25
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Evaluation of the models Cognitive behavioral therapies 26
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) › Distress tolerance, mindfulness Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) › Psychological flexibility 27
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Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Self help › Books › Writing a journal › Religious practice › Social groups Peer counseling and support groups Professional help › Determine the need 28
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