1. 1 Suez Canal Nikos Marmatsouris, FICS Senior Marketing Manager GAC Shipping S.A.

2. Suez Canal 2  Located in Egypt.  Allows water transportation directly between Europe (the Mediterranean) and Asia (the Red Sea).  Alternatives are navigating around Africa carrying goods overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea  The northern terminus is Port Said.

3. History of the Suez Canal History of the Suez Canal  1799-Napoleon Bonaparte revives the idea  The Suez Canal opened to traffic in November 1869.  It was built by Frenchman Ferdinard de Lesseps using Egyptian forced labour; an estimated 120,000 workers died during construction.  By 1955 approximately two-thirds of European oil passed through the canal.  The waterway closed 1967 due to the Six Day War, reopened 1975. 3

4. Construction Construction  The machines used for widening the Suez canal were for the most part entirely metal, floating dredgers. The heavy scoops attached to an endless chain and driven by a steam engine removed mud sand and gravel from the bed and dumped the extracted material via the chute, a sheet metal pipe cut in half. The chutes directed the extracted waste onto the bank and the workers kept the waste flowing using a sort of rake. Two dredgers could thus work at a distance of only two metres.  In the lakes or near the sea, excavation was done using dredgers with dumpers. The dredger is shown here raised up awaiting a barge to take the debris away. 4 Dredger with a Dumper. Dredger with a 45 meter chute.

5. Construction Construction 5  Widening of the canal. Work to protect the canal banks.  The Egyptian navies dug out the earth using a sort of local pick, called a fass. The overseers here sitting on the bank look on. A drainage pump, driven by a steam engine set up in a hut, helped prevent the trenches becoming waterlogged.

6. Construction Construction 6 The Official Stand at the Inauguration of the Canal, 29 November, 1869 After it was opened to navigation in 1869, the 163 km (101 mi) Suez Canal measured 8m (26 feet) deep, 22m (72 feet) wide at the bottom, and 70m ( 230 feet) wide at the surface. It is the longest canal with no locks.

7. Geography today Geography today 7

8. Dimensions before expansion 8

9. Facts today 9  Length: 192 km (119 miles) of waterway 163 km (101 miles) of constructed area  Owned and maintained by: The Suez Canal Authority (SCA) of the Arab Republic of Egypt  Maximum capacity: Ships of up to 180,000 tons displacement and 22m (72 ft) by 2016  Maximum throughput per day: 106 vessels, in one north bound and one south bound convoys  Breadth: At water level 300 metres  Maximum draught of ships: 16.1 metres  Speed limit: 11-16 km/hr  Average transit time: 14 hours  Speed limit: Around 8 knots (15 km/hr)

10. Impact upon closing 10  Vessels would have to travel around Africa to Europe to transport goods and oils.

11. The Suez Canal reduced the sea route to Arabian Gulf by 8,900 km 11

12. Importance of Suez Canal Today 12  In 2014, more than 15.300 ships passed the Suez Canal, carrying more than 880 m tons of cargo. Also over 17.150 ballast vessels.  That is approx 10% of the world’s total ocean trade  North bound cargo: Mainly oil from the Arabian Gulf to Western Europe  South bound cargo: Mainly manufactured goods and grain from Europe and North America to the Far East and southern Asia  Earns more than USD 5,000,000,000 in annual revenue

13. Crude Oil Statistics 13

14. Suez Canal Traffic and world GDP Suez Canal Traffic and world GDP 14

15. Thank you! Thank you! 15