1. Human reproductive system fetal development
SC.912.L.16.13
Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.
(L2 – MODERATE COMPLEXITY)

2. BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13
Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
Standard Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction
Benchmark SC.912.L Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.
Benchmark
Clarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
Students will describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth.
Content Limits Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited to the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes.
Items referring to the female human reproductive system are limited to the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina.
Items assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate to the development of the fetus.
Items will not assess physiological or hormonal changes of the mother during pregnancy.
Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of the physiology of the human reproductive system are limited to a conceptual understanding of the production of hormones.

3. Content limits cont.
Items will not assess hormonal control during pregnancy.
Items may refer to the early stages of development (implantation, morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, neurulation) but will not assess the definition of these terms.
Items referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normal human development.
Items will not assess specific knowledge of malformations in the human fetus, miscarriages, maternal preexisting conditions, genetic conditions, or the impact of exposure to environmental conditions.
Items will not assess the utilization of technology to assist in or prevent fertilization or monitor development of the fetus.
Items will not address or assess the menstrual cycle.
Stimulus Attribute Illustrations or diagrams may be used.
Response Attributes None specified
Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge
described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.5.

4. Student Misconceptions
Common Student Misconceptions:
Research indicates that some students cannot distinguish between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in order to understand the origins of variation.
Students may confuse gastrulation and neurulation in the stages of embryonic development
Some students have little understanding of the trimesters of pregnancy

5. Don’t assume your kids know ANYTHING (Holly story)

6. Male Reproductive System
Scrotum contains:
Testes
The seminiferous tubules produce sperm and testosterone
Require a low temperature
Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female
Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long)
Lies on top of the testes
Sperm mature here with aid from helper sperm (mask the 23 chromosome sperm from immune system)
Label Power Notes
Boxers vs briefs

7. Vas deferens
Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway.
Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra
Sperm travel through this during ejaculation
Urethra
glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines with the sperm to produce semen, enters here
semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during ejaculation (out the penis)

8. Female Reproductive system
(oviduct)

9. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries - pair, internal
Mature and release one egg/month
Matures in the follicles within the ovaries
Born with all the eggs a female will ever have
2 million at birth; thousand at puberty; 400 will mature and be released
Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

10. Female Reproduction Oviducts or Fallopian tubes
Feathery like projections
After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one of the oviducts
This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 6-24 hrs.
The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation)
Fertilized egg  zygote  embryo

11. Uterus
Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus
This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result)
Embryo will develop into a fetus
Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm
Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder
Cervix
This opening connects the vagina to the uterus
Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands to 10 cm
Vagina
Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

12. Fetal Development The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.
The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
** Distinguish between gastrulation and neurulation

13. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.
amniotic sac cushions embryo.
amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac
placenta connects mother and embryo.
umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
amniotic sac

14. A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.
Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters.
1st trimester: body plan and early development
Most genetic issues occur here
FOLDABLE HERE

16. 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

17. Second Trimester

18. After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.
3rd trimester: all organs fully formed
After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

19. Third Trimester

20. FETAL DEVELOPMENT FOLDABLE Instruction on how to make a foldable Insert info as we go through the content
Construct a six-page flip-chart
Label the exposed tabs as
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Problems That can occur and when
Affects of drugs (have a list of drugs you want them to research)
** or place the last two topics first as there is less room on the foldable to write information.
Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class
Research problems that can occur if the developing fetus is exposed to drugs such as alcohol or tobacco.

22. Resources Escambia County Website Questions from www.problem-attic.com
Fetal Development Sonograms by weeks (active,3D)
Interactive Developmental Timeline
Trimester Manipulative (see snapshot below)

23. EOC Study Guide
{SC.912.L.14.52} Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.
1. Give an example of specific and non specific responses.
2. How do vaccines prevent disease?
3. How do antibiotics prevent disease?
{SC.912.L.16.13} Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
1. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy (i.e. fertilization, embryo formation, tube formation, organ system formation, heart beat, movement.
Define embryo
Arteries:
Thick Walls due to high pressure
Walls are elastic for elastic rebound effect
Have a narrower lumen which helps maintain pressure
Veins:
Thin Walled (do not require thick walls do to very low pressures)
Have backflow prevention valves
Need the help of muscles pressing on them to help blood flow.
Cappillaries:
Very small and numerous
Walls are one cell layer thick
Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) increases resistance to blood flow due to plaque buildup in arteries. This is linked to high fat diets and lack of exercise.
Some people have high blood pressure. This is often due to atherosclerosis and other factors. Blood pressure meds function often by reducing the blood volume and thereby the blood pressure. This is accomplished by diuretic medications that cause people to urinate more frequently.