2. 2 Aquatic Ecosystems  Aquatic ecosystems are classified as ◦ Freshwater (inland), or ◦ Saltwater  Wetlands are areas that are web for at least part of the year ◦ Marshes ◦ Swamps ◦ Bogs

3. 3 Stonefly larva, Plecoptera sp. Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri stream river lake salt marsh delta Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Carp, Cyprinus carpio Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (Stonefly): © Kim Taylor/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (Trout): © William H. Mullins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Carp): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Crab): © Gerlach Nature Photography/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

4. 4  Lakes ◦ Bodies of water classified by nutrient status  Oligotrophic - Nutrient-poor  Eutrophic - Nutrient-rich ◦ Lake Stratification  In temperate zones, deep lakes are stratified in the summer and winter and have distinct vertical zones

5. 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Oligotrophic lake b. Eutrophic lake a: © Roger Evans/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Michael Gadomski/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

6. 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summer Stratification Fall OverturnSpring Overturn wind epilimnion 24°–25°C thermocline 13°–18 ° wind ice 2°–3°C hypolimnion 5°–8° most of lake 4°C Winter Stratification

7. 7  Plankton ◦ Important community in fresh water and salt water ecosystems  Phytoplankton - Photosynthetic algae  Zooplankton - Animals  Life Zones ◦ Littoral zone - Closest to shore ◦ Limnetic zone - Sunlit areas ◦ Profundal zone - Below light penetration ◦ Benthic zone - Soil-Water interface

8. 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. surface organisms fishes insect larvae phytoplankton zooplankton Northern pike, Esox lucius Littoral Zone clinging organisms Profundal Zone Limnetic Zone (Pike): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Water strider): © G.I. Bernard/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes Benthic Zone bottom-dwelling organisms Water strider, Gerris sp.

9. 9  Estuaries ◦ Partially enclosed bodies of water where fresh water and seawater meet and mix ◦ Organisms must be able to adapt to changing salinity ◦ Nearly two thirds of all marine fishes and shellfish require development in estuaries

10. 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Mudflat b. Mangrove swamp c. Rocky shore a: © John Eastcott/Yva Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Theo Allofs/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Brandon Cole/Visuals Unlimited.

11. 11  Littoral zone lies between high and low water marks ◦ Rocky Shores  Many attached organisms  Littoral zone of rocky beach divided into subzones ◦ Sandy beach  No attachment sites available  Nearly all permanent residents dwell underground

12. 12 Oceans  Euphotic Zone ◦ Contain a greater concentration of organisms than the rest of the sea  Coral Reefs ◦ Located just below the surface in shallow, warm, tropical waters ◦ Densely populated with life

13. 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. abyssal plain low tide intertidal zone euphotic zone high tide continental shelf continental slope deep-sea waters

14. 14  Pelagic Zone ◦ Epipelagic Zone  Lacks inorganic nutrients  Does not have high concentration of phytoplankton ◦ Mesopelagic Zone  High concentration of organisms due to sunlight penetration and supply of inorganic nutrients  Coral Reefs ◦ Bathypelagic Zone  Complete darkness except for bioluminescent light  Carnivores and scavengers

15. 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. dolphin sea turtle barracuda ocean bonito mackerel tuna prawn lantern fish giant squid midshipman sperm whale shark viperfish hagfish anglerfish deep-sea shrimp gulper baleen whale Epipelagic Zone Mesopelagic Zone Bathypelagic Zone

16. 16  Abyssmal Plain ◦ High pressure and extreme cold ◦ Organisms are dependent on debris sinking down from above ◦ Interrupted by oceanic ridges ◦ Hydrothermal vents

17. 17  Major ocean currents move heat from the equator to cooler parts of the biosphere ◦ Gulf Stream warms the east coast of North America and parts of western Europe ◦ Another current in the Southern Hemisphere warms the eastern coast of South America ◦ The Humboldt Current in the Southern Hemisphere carries cold water northward along the western coast of South America  El Nino Southern Oscillation--Cold upwelling off west coast of South America subsides

18. 18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Asia Australia Africa Europe Gulf Stream equator equatorial countercurrent Japan Current warm currents cold currents west wind drift east wind drift Antarctica North America South America

19. 19  Climate and the Biosphere ◦ Solar Radiation ◦ Global Wind Circulation  Terrestrial Ecosystems ◦ Tundra ◦ Forests ◦ Shrublands ◦ Grasslands ◦ Deserts Aquatic Ecosystems Lakes Life Zones Estuaries Seashores Oceans

20. 20 Openers (Earth): Courtesy NASA; (Lake): © Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Birch): © Dwight Kuhn; (Sunflowers): © Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; (Acacia tree): © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures; (Rain forest): © age fotostock/SuperStock; (Lynx): © Imagebroker/Alamy; (Salamander): © David M. Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Buffalo): © Eastcott Momatiuk/Getty Images; (Lion): © age fotostock/SuperStock; (Toucan): © age fotostock/SuperStock Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.