1. Intro to Animals Chapters 40 & 47 Biology – Campbell Reece

2. Types of Tissue Tissue – groups of cells with a common structure and function Tissue – groups of cells with a common structure and function –Epithelial tissue –Connective tissue –Nervous tissue –Muscle tissue

3. Epithelial Tissue Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body Arrangement: Arrangement: –Simple – single layer of cells –Stratified – multiple tiers of cells Shape: Shape: –Cuboidal – cube shaped –Columnar – column shaped –Squamous - flat

4. Epithelial Tissue

5. Connective Tissue Binds and supports other tissues Binds and supports other tissues Loose connective tissue – most widespread; binds epithelia to underlying tissues; holds organs in place Loose connective tissue – most widespread; binds epithelia to underlying tissues; holds organs in place Adipose tissue – stores fat Adipose tissue – stores fat Fibrous connective tissue – dense; includes ligaments & tendons Fibrous connective tissue – dense; includes ligaments & tendons

6. Connective Tissue Cartilage – a strong, flexible support material Cartilage – a strong, flexible support material Bone – a mineralized connective tissue Bone – a mineralized connective tissue –Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells Blood – made up of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) & platelets (thrombocytes) Blood – made up of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) & platelets (thrombocytes)

7. Connective Tissue Fibers Made of protein Made of protein 3 types: 3 types: –Collagenous fibers – provide strength combined with flexibility; made of collagen; nonelastic and do not tear easily –Elastic fibers – easily stretched but also resilient; made of elastin –Reticular fibers – very thin and branched; made of collagen

8. Connective Tissue

9. Nervous Tissue Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another Neuron – nerve cell Neuron – nerve cell

10. Muscle Tissue Composed of long cells called muscle fibers that contract when stimulated by nerve impulses Composed of long cells called muscle fibers that contract when stimulated by nerve impulses Skeletal muscle – responsible for voluntary movements of the body Skeletal muscle – responsible for voluntary movements of the body Cardiac muscle – forms the wall of the heart Cardiac muscle – forms the wall of the heart Smooth muscle – lines the internal organs Smooth muscle – lines the internal organs

11. Muscle Tissue

12. Animal Development Fertilization is followed by 3 successive stages that begin to build the body Fertilization is followed by 3 successive stages that begin to build the body –Cleavage – creates a multicellular embryo from the zygote –Gastrulation – produces a three-layered embryo called the gastrula –Organogenesis – generates rudimentary organs from which adult structures grow

13. Cleavage A succession of rapid cell divisions that follow fertilization A succession of rapid cell divisions that follow fertilization The cells undergo the S and M phases of cell division, but often skip the G 1 and G 2 The cells undergo the S and M phases of cell division, but often skip the G 1 and G 2 The embryo does not get larger The embryo does not get larger Morula – solid ball of cells Morula – solid ball of cells Blastocoel – fluid-filled cavity Blastocoel – fluid-filled cavity Blastula – hollow ball Blastula – hollow ball

14. Cleavage

15. Cleavage

16. Gastrulation A dramatic rearrangement of the cells of the blastula A dramatic rearrangement of the cells of the blastula Some of the cells of the blastula move to an interior location, forming 3 cell layers Some of the cells of the blastula move to an interior location, forming 3 cell layers Gastrula – three-layered embryo Gastrula – three-layered embryo 3 layers – endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm 3 layers – endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

17. Gastrulation Archenteron – deep, narrow pouch that forms from invagination Archenteron – deep, narrow pouch that forms from invagination Blastopore – the opening at the end of the archenteron (will become the mouth or anus depending on the type of animal) Blastopore – the opening at the end of the archenteron (will become the mouth or anus depending on the type of animal)

18. 3 Embryonic Germ Layers

19. Organogenesis The first organs to develop in chordates are the neural tube and notochord The first organs to develop in chordates are the neural tube and notochord –Neural tube – will become the brain and spinal cord –Notochord – helps form the vertebrae; persist as the vertebral discs in adults As organogenesis progresses, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation continue to refine the organs As organogenesis progresses, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation continue to refine the organs

20. Organogenesis

21. Organ Systems