1. Plastic Movie: M 4/13 at 7pm in Welch 1.308 Today: Intro to Animals and the Nervous System

2. Fig 1.9 Life as we know it… the animals

3. Protostomes Deuterostomes Fig 32.8 Animal Development

4. One important consideration of structure and function…surface area Nalca leaves http://www.celebratebig.com/chile/index3.htm

5. One important consideration of structure and function…surface area See fig's 41.9+.13

6. Why is surface area so critical? Animals (and plants) must exchange various components with the environment

7. Organisms are organized: atoms molecules organelles cells tissues organs systems organisms Fig 41.8

8. Four major tissue types in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous Fig 41.8

9. Fig 41.6 Epithelieal tissue: Covers and lines body and/or parts. Tightly packed cells.

10. Connective tissue: Holds and supports. Few cells with an extensive extracellular matrix. Fig 41.3

11. Fig 41.5 Muscle tissue: Movement. Long muscle fibers cells. Nerve tissue: Signaling. Generally long cells, neurons. Fig 41.4

12. Different tissues that comprise the stomach, an organ.

13. Homeostasis: Maintaining a steady-state internal condition Fig 41.14

14. Sensing and reacting to the environment is critical

15. Failure to properly sense and react to the environment can be fatal

16. Fig 45.18 Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

17. Fig 45.3 Neurons: cells specialized for transmitting signals

18. Axon Parts of a neuron Signals Fig 45.3

19. In the brain neurons are shorter and highly interconnected

20. Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

21. Nervous System Signaling Stimulus Transduction Response

22. Na + /K + pump plasma membrane Na + K+K+ ATP–>ADP Fig 45.4 Ionic gradients in neurons

23. Fig 45.11 At rest, the Na + /K + gradient is maintained

24. Depolarization occurs with the opening of Na + channels Fig 45.11

25. An action potential starts when the local depolarization causes other Na + channels to open Fig 45.11

26. Action potentials only occur when the initial depolarization is above the threshold

27. Fig 45.11 An action potential starts when the local depolarization causes other Na + channels to open

28. Fig 45.6 Repolarization is achieved via closing Na + and opening K + channels

29. Fig 45.11 the Na + /K + pump reestablishes the resting state

30. Depolarization of one part of the membrane opens Na + channels further along so the signal travels from one end to the other Fig 45.11

31. Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

32. Plastic Movie: M 4/13 at 7pm in Welch 1.308 Coming up: Nervous system and Immune system