1. Introduction to Animal Science BENEFITS AND FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS FOR SOCIETY USES & DOMESTICATION

2. What is animal science? Animal husbandry The branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding, care and feeding of domestic animals. Animal science is the scientific study of farm animals. Biology is the study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.

3. What is animal science? Genetics Embryology Zoology Botany Agronomy Anatomy Physiology Chemistry Nutrition Pathology Parasitology Entomology Bacteriology Economics Computer Science Ethology Ecology Communications Finance Political Science Law Engineering Microbiology

4. History of Animal Agriculture in the United States 1493 Columbus brought livestock to the West Indies 1519 Cortez brought cattle and sheep to Mexico 1539 DeSoto brought horses and hogs to Florida 1641 William Pynchon, Massachusetts, was first meat packer exporting salt pork 1760 Robert Bakewell, England, began breeding animals for a purpose, created different types.

5. History of Animal Ag in U.S. 1861-1865 Changes occurred during the Civil War ◦Railroads decreased need for horses and mules and for stock to be raised where they are consumed ◦Refrigeration in box cars allowed shipping of carcasses to population centers ◦Now animals could be raised in one place, sold at another and consumed at yet another. ◦Change in tastes – beef became most popular. ◦Before the war, pork was the most popular meat (mainly due to ease of storage), but beef became the most popular meat after the war because of refrigeration.

6. History of Animal Ag in U.S. 1862 Land Grant Act provides public lands for universities to teach agriculture 1872 Hatch Act establishes experiment stations 1914 Smith Lever Act establishes cooperative extension service

7. Animal Scientist  A specialist in the branch of biology dealing with animals  Conduct research in genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, and the development of domestic farm animals.

8. Temple Grandin  American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University,  Bestselling author,  Autistic activist,  Consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior  2010 - listed in the Time list of the 100 most influential people in the world in the "Heroes" category. http://content.time.com/time/specials /packages/article/0,28804,1984685_ 1984949_1985222,00.html

9. How do we benefit from animals?

10. Livestock Mammals produced on farms & ranches for food & other purposes.

11. Examples of Livestock Cattle Hogs Sheep Horses Goats Bison Camelids

12. Companion Animals An animal used to provide humans with fun & friendship. Pets

13. Examples of Companion Animals Dogs Cats Fish Rabbits Hamsters Ferrets Snakes Gerbils

14. Poultry A group of fowl (birds) that are raised to use as food & other products. Meat & eggs

15. Examples of Poultry Chickens Turkeys Ducks Geese Quail Ostrich Emu Guinea

17. History of the Animal Science Industry

18. Early Domestication Humans began domesticating animals more than 10,000 years ago beginning with dogs.domesticating

19. Early Domestication Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) were the first food animals to be domesticated followed by pigs, possibly to dispose of table scraps and waste products. Ruminants Horses and cattle were domesticated primarily for transportation and draft work purposes. Early people found animals that form large herds or flocks and eat a wide variety of feeds are easier to domesticate.

20. Early Domestication Domestication involves more than simply taming. Animals are considered to be domesticated when: ◦they are kept for a distinct purpose ◦humans control their breeding ◦their survival depends on humans ◦they develop traits that are not found in the wild

21. Domestication Domestication allowed humans to ◦Contain animals with the right temperament ◦Have a steady food supply ◦Use animals for companionship, religious purposes and draft work In return, the animals received protection and a constant food supply. Selective breeding occurred as humans got rid of animals with undesirable traits, not allowing them to reproduce.

22. Which of these animals was domesticated first? List them in the order you think they were domesticated on your notes page. Cattle?Horses? Goats?Chickens? Pigs?Turkeys? Sheep? What’s your guess?

23. Domestication 1.Dog14-30,000 BCundetermined 2.Sheep8500 BCWestern Asia 3.Cat8500 BCFertile Crescent 4.Goats8000 BCWestern Asia 5.Pigs7000 BCWestern Asia 6.Cattle7000 BCEastern Sahara 7.Chicken6000 BCAsia 8.Guinea Pig5000 BCAndes Mountains 9.Llama & Alpaca4500 BCAndes Mountains 10.Donkey4000 BCNortheast Africa 11.Horse3600 BCKazakhstan 12.Duck2500 BCWestern Asia

24. Sheep: Domesticated 8500 BC Domesticated in the mountains of Southeast Europe and Central/Southwest Asia. These areas include the countries of: Greece, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Hungary, Uzbekistan, Syria Yugoslavia, Turkmenistan, Iraq, Romania, Tajikistan Bulgaria, Afghanistan and Iran Favorable because of their wool and meat for which they are still used and bred today. Because of selective breeding for traits and other results of domestication, sheep are the only species of livestock that would be unable to return to the wild.

25. Big Horn Sheep

26. Cattle: Domesticated 7000 BC Domesticated near the boundary of Europe and Asia and/or Southwest Asia This area includes the countries of: Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria, Moldavia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq In the beginning, cattle were used mainly for meat, milk and labor but eventually were replaced by horses in most of the draft work.

27. Horses: Domesticated 3600 BC Horses were domesticated in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. This area includes the countries of Mongolia and Siberia. Originally, horses were used for meat and milk, but eventually became useful as pack and draft animals.

28. Horse Descended from the 1 foot tall Eohippus that roamed North America.

31. Pigs: Domesticated 7000 BC Pigs were first domesticated in the Middle East (Mesopotamia) in countries such as Syria, Iraq and Turkey and then spread across Asia, Europe and Africa. Pigs were utilized more in settled farming communities than in nomadic groups because they are difficult to move for long distances.

32. WILD BOAR

34. Animal Domestication Goats The goat was among the earliest animals to be domesticated, around 8000 B.C. in Western Asia. The goat could easily revert to its wild state. Chickens Chickens were domesticated in Asia around 6000 BC and also in Southeast Asia (China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Burma) Turkeys The turkey is the only North American domestic animal and was domesticated in Mexico. 100 BC – AD 100

35. Use the information... Use the notes we just took to draw a simple timeline on your worksheet illustrating the order in which animals were domesticated. It might look something like this. Sheep 11,000-15,000 years ago Cattle 10,000-15,000 years ago Pigs 5,000-9,000 years ago Horses 5,000 years ago Present Chickens 3,400 years ago Goats 6,000-7,000 years ago

36. Animal Contributions to Society Food Mutton and chevon are eaten by more people than any other meatMuttonchevon Beef is eaten in large quantitiesBeef Certain religions restrict beef and pork consumption ◦Hindus do not eat beef. ◦Muslim, Hind, and Orthodox Jews do not eat pork Many people eat horsemeat Goats, ewes, cattle, mares, sows, llamas, camels, reindeer and yaks provide milk and milk products.

37. Animal Contributions to Society Clothing Wool, hair, hides (leather), and pelts have commonly been used for clothing. Even today, in more than 100 countries, ruminant fibers such as hair and wool are used in the manufacture of clothing, bedding, housing and carpets.

38. Animal Contributions to Society Shelter Hair and hides provide material for shelter. For example, hides are used in teepees, while hair is used in plaster (horsehair plaster). Tools Early man relied on bones and hides for tools. Utensils Bladders, horns, catgut and dynamite are animal products that are commonly used. Personal Items Humans use animal products or by-products for jewelry and perfume.

39. Animal Contributions to Society Power Animals have always been important throughout history for draft work, packing and transporting humans. In the 1920s, more than 25 million horses were used primarily for draft purposes. Today, in developing countries, animals provide as much as 99% of the power used in agriculture while 20% of the world's populations depend on animals for moving goods. ◦India has more than 200 million cattle and buffalo, but because cattle are sacred in India, they are not slaughtered for meat. These animals are used to provide power for field work.

40. Animal Contributions to Society War Animals were used in war for transportation and power Religion Some societies worship animals. Recreation Companionship and hobbies or sports such as horseback riding Health Laboratory animals are commonly used for research. Miniature pigs have been used in laboratory research because they closely resemble humans in their pulmonary, cardiac, dental and even pre-natal brain development. Cattle and sheep have been used to test artificial organs before use in humans. Humans also use animal products and by-products in pharmaceuticals.

41. Terms to know Ruminant (poly-gastric): Animal with 4 -compartment stomach. Complex digestive system. Hooved animals. ◦Eat roughages ◦Roughage ◦Roughage: Feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy - hay, straw, silage, and pasture Examples: Cattle, Sheep, Goats

42. Terms Non-Ruminant (mono-gastric): Animal with simple stomach ◦Eat feed high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) ◦grains ◦Examples: Humans, Pigs, Dogs

43. Massachusetts Top Agriculture Products 1. Greenhouse/nursery 2. Cranberries 3. Dairy products 4. Apples 5. Corn, sweet Number of Farms 7,700 Land in Farms 517,800 acres Average Farm Size 67 acres

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45. 45 The American Market Basket Chickens, horses, milk cows and hogs were present on the majority of farms a century ago. Today, a comparatively small proportion of farms maintain these animals. Early in the century, home-grown fruits, vegetables, oats and wheat were considered staples. Later, families increasingly purchased and stocked their shelves with canned, frozen, and instant food products. This trend reversed itself slightly as health-conscious consumers began to include more fresh food in their diets. However, most of what is consumed today continues to move from the farm gate to the processor, and then to the grocery store.

46. The American Market Basket The country’s population, as a whole, became wealthier and increased its demand for food products over most of the last century. Late in the century, however, the country reached a point of economic comfort where increases in income no longer raised domestic demand for food products. As a result, U.S. farmers and ranchers began to rely more heavily on export markets to sell their excess production and have truly become food producers to the world.

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48. Trends in the Animal Industry Animal production is on a large scale facility & specialized (1 species) ◦Fewer producers ◦Larger operations

51. Reasons for livestock production 1. Meat for human consumption (protein) 2. Profit 3. Byproducts

52. What meat do we eat? US Average Consumption 1 st Nearly half is red meat consumption 2 nd Poultry 3 rd Pork 4 th Seafood

53. Functions of Animals  Food  Clothing  Leisure and recreation  In other countries  Power  transportation

54. Another Form of Travel

55. By-Products Any product produced from an animal carcass other than meat is called a By-Product

56. Examples of By-Products Fats Fats Feathers Feathers Bone Bone Intestines Intestines Brain Brain Glands and Organs Glands and Organs Stomach (Tripe) Stomach (Tripe) Blood Blood Wool Wool Hair Hair Hide Hide Manure Manure

57. TRIPE…Stomach flipped inside out

58. By-products Blood meal, meat and bone scraps are animal by-products used for livestock feed Blood meal, meat and bone scraps are animal by-products used for livestock feed.

59. Horns, Hooves, Bones and Hides are animal by-products used to produce Gelatin Gelatin = a translucent, colorless, brittle, nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones Marshmallows Peeps Gummy bears

60. Ruminants are important b/c they have the ability to convert large quantities of materials which CAN NOT be used directly for human food. 80% of feed consumed by beef cattle is roughages

61. 80% of human population gets most of their Protein, Fats, Iron, Vit.’s, etc from Ruminant meat 45% of Protein eaten by humans comes from ruminants

62. Edible By-Products Brains, Tongue, Liver Brains, Tongue, Liver Oleo Stearine (Fat) in carcass used in gum and candies Oleo Stearine (Fat) in carcass used in gum and candies Hooves, horns, bones, and hides produce Gelatin used in Jell-o, marshmallows, ice cream, aspirin coatings Hooves, horns, bones, and hides produce Gelatin used in Jell-o, marshmallows, ice cream, aspirin coatings

63. Cow’s tongue

64. Candy and chewing gum from animal fat

65. Inedible By-Products Leather (most valuable) Inedible fats produce: CosmeticsCosmetics ShampoosShampoos shaving creamshaving cream CrayonsCrayons GlueGlue ToothbrushesToothbrushes SoapSoap hair/paint brusheshair/paint brushes

66. Other By-Products Explosives Glue Lanolin Gum Gelatin Marshmallows Estrogen Violin strings Honey Shortening Spam Upholstery Hot dogs Asphalt Yogurt Cement Ice cream Lactose Sausage cases

67. It has been estimated that 11.4% of the gross income from beef, and 7.5% of the income from pork, come from the by- products.

68. Hides and skins are generally one of the most valuable by-products from animals. Used to make leather products

69. Did you know that it takes 3,000 cows to supply the National Football League with enough leather for a year's supply of footballs. Now, why do they call it the ol' pig skin?

70. The joys of potted meat!!

71. YUMMY!!!....... Ingredients: Beef Tripe, Mechanically Separated Chicken, Beef Hearts, Partially Defatted Cooked Beef Fatty Tissue, Meat Broth, Vinegar, Salt, Flavoring, Sugar, Sodium Nitrite.

72. More By-Products Livestock feeds- Fish, Meat and Bone, Blood, Feather Meals Livestock feeds- Fish, Meat and Bone, Blood, Feather Meals Much more!!! Much more!!!

73. Uses of Manure 1. Organic fertilizer in agriculture. ◦Adds organic matter and nutrients  facilitate the growth of plants

74. Manure! fuel 2. About 10% of the world’s population uses dried animal manure for fuel ◦Manure can be used for gas, electricity and fuel for a boiler, or it can be burned directly for cooking or lighting.

75. Characteristic of those in an Animal Science Career  Must love animals  Not mind hard work and bad weather  Not mind long hours and long workweeks.  Have knowledge of animal husbandry

76. Careers in Animal Science

77. What you can do to get started High school agriculture classes are a good place to start! The total Agricultural Education program gives you many opportunities to gain experience in animal science. AgEd classes + SAE + FFA

78. Education and Animal Careers Most entry level jobs require a high school diploma About 20% of the careers in agriscience require a college degree.

79. Education and Animal Careers Some positions, such as veterinarians, perform highly technical tasks such as embryo transfer. Education for a vet?

80. Trends in Animal Science The largest number of new employment positions in agriscience is expected to be for scientists and engineers.

81. Trends in Animal Science The small animal industry is expanding greatly! Small animals have many uses: ◦pets ◦animal research ◦food

82. Trends in Animal Science Technicians are needed for kennels, pet stores, animal hospitals, etc.

83. Trends in Animal Science The equine industry is also growing as the interest in horses for pleasure show increases.

84. Some other careers There are hundreds of careers in animal science!! Unfortunately, Most people only really know about veterinary medicine. Competition for vet school is intense! Look at all these other options

85. Some animal careers Animal Caretakers Animal Research Animal Technician Animal Trainers Aquatic Science Careers Beekeeper Biological Engineering Marine Biology Veterinary Medicine Dairy Nutrition Specialist Agricultural Scientists Poultry Science Animal Assisted Therapy Animal Attendant Animal Behaviorist Animal Breeders Animal Care Specialist - Army

86. Some animal careers Dog Groomer Dog Handlers Equine Careers Farm Workers Fish and Game Wardens Fish and Wildlife Management Game Warden Groom Guide Dog Instructor/Trainer Horse Groom Horse Riding Instructor Horse Trainer Horse Racing Jockey Kennel Worker

87. Some animal careers Livestock Buyer Marine Biology Marine Mammal Trainer Pet Shop Operator Park Ranger Poultry Farm Workers Primatology Careers Professional Farrier Shearer Veterinary Assistants Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Technician Wildlife Biologist Wildlife Rehabilitation Zoo and Aquarium Worker Zoologists Zoo Keeper