1. States of Consciousness Consciousness an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings; exists along a continuum, ranging from high level awareness to unconsciousness

2. High Level of Awareness Controlled Processes focused Attention is required

3. Middle Level of Awareness Automatic Processes awareness but minimal attention Daydreaming low level of awareness and conscious effort; somewhere between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep

4. Minimal or No Awareness Unconscious Mind reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories that are too painful or anxiety provoking to be admitted to consciousness Unconscious lowest level of awareness

5. Altered States of Consciousness a mental state other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during: physical activity meditation and spirituality psychoactive drug use hypnosis dreaming sleep

6. Physical Activity Young children love to alter their consciousness Is this a natural phenomena?

7. Meditation and Spirituality Meditation: a group of techniques designed to focus attention and produce an heightened state of awareness

8. Psychoactive Substances Many different types of psychoactive substances can alter your awareness depressants stimulants opiates hallucinogens

9. Hypnosis Is one or more of the following: narrowed, highly focused attention increased imagination passive, receptive attitude decreased pain heightened suggestibility

10. Dreaming and Dream Theories Percentages: REM sleep: 70-80% NREM sleep: 20-30% Theories: Freudian Activation Synthesis

11. Sleep The most widely studied Altered State of Consciousness We spend 1/3 of our lives asleep Sleep or Arousal States fall into three categories: –Waking –NREM sleep –REM sleep It is still unclear just why we sleep

12. Sleep Recording EEG EMG EOG EKG Respiration

13. Waking NREM Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM Delta or Slow Waves Arousal States

14. Arousal State Characteristics Waking: low voltage, high frequency EEG patterns very high EMG activity NREM Sleep: high voltage, low frequency mixed EEG patterns slowed heart rate and respiration reduced EMG activity REM Sleep: low voltage, high frequency EEG patterns rapid eye movements variable heart rate and respiration muscle atonia penile erection/vaginal secretions

15. more SWS at the beginning of the beginning of the night more REM at the end of the night cycle goes from NREM 1-4 then back out from NREM 4-1 The Sleep Cycle in Young Adults

16. All Mammals Show Similar Sleep Characteristics

17. One hemisphere asleep, one awake Unihemispheric Sleep in Marine Mammals

18. Sleep across the Lifespan

19. (MSLT) Measures Sleep Deprivation Multiple Sleep Latency Test

20. EEG SWA Increases After Sleep Deprivation

21. Rasterplot Entrainment Light/Dark Cycle Constant Conditions Zeitgeber: Light Pulse Tau: natural rhythm Circadian Rhythms

22. The SCN and Circadian Rhythms

23. Two Process Model of Sleep