2. Remember… Law of Constant Composition a compound contains elements in a certain fixed proportions (ratios), regardless of how the compound is prepared or where it is found in nature. If you have one molecule of methane gas, you will always have 1 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms.

3. 1. Mass Spectrometer This machine measure the molar mass of a compound. A small sample of the compound is vaporized and hit with a beam of electrons The fragments are put through an electric field and the amount of deflection determines molar mass

4. 2. Combustion Analyzer Is an instrument that can determine the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen in a compounds A combustion reaction occurs and the individual parts of the products are captured and measured Using mass of products and individual atom mass, one can determine the percent composition C x H y O z + O 2 (g)  CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (g)

5. From Thursday… What is the percent composition of formaldehyde, CH 2 O M = 30.03 g mol C = 12.01 g mol = 39.99% 30.03 g mol H = 2.02 g mol = 6.73% 30.03 g mol O = 16.00 g mol = 53.28% 30.03 g mol

6. What is the percent composition of acetic acid, C 2 H 4 O 2 M = 60.06 g mol C = 24.02 g mol = 39.99% 60.06 g mol H = 4.04 g mol = 6.73% 60.06 g mol O = 32.00 g mol = 53.28% 60.06 g mol

7. What`s the difference Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Ratio BenzeneC6H6C6H6 CH AcetyleneC2H 2 CH GlucoseC 6 H 12 O 6 CH 2 O Hydrogen peroxide H2O2H2O2 HO WaterH2OH2OH2OH2O AmmoniaNH 3 1:1 1:2:1 1:1 2:1 1:3

8. What does a molecular formula show What does a Empirical formula show Exact number and types of atoms in the molecule Gives the lowest ratio of atoms in a compound. It does not necessarily tell you the exact number of each type of atom.

9. A compound was found to be composed of 85.6% carbon and 14.4% hydrogen. What is the empirical formula Step 1: List the given values C=85.6% and H = 14.4% Step 2: Calculate the mass (m) of each element in a 100g sample. m C = 85.6% x 100g = 85.6g 100 m H = 14.4% x 100g = 14.4g 100

10. Step 3: Convert Mass (m) into moles (n) n C = m/M = 85.6g/12.01g/mol = 7.1274 mol C n H = m/M = 14.4g/1.008g/mol = 14.257 mol H Step 4: State the Amount Ratio n C : n H 7.1274 mol : 14.257 mol Step 5: Calculate lowest whole number ratio, by dividing by the lowest amount of moles. C = 7.1274 = 1H = 14.257 = 2 7.1274 7.1274 Empirical Formula CH 2

11. The percent composition of a compound is 69.9 % iron and 30.1% oxygen. What is the empirical formula of a compound? Step 1: List the given values Fe=69.9% and O = 30.1% Step 2: Calculate the mass (m) of each element in a 100g sample. m Fe = 69.9 x 100g = 69.9g 100 m O = 30.1 x 100g = 30.1g 100

12. Step 3: Convert Mass (m) into moles (n) n Fe = m/M = 69.9g/55.86g/mol = 1.25 mol Fe n O = m/M = 30.1g/16.00g/mol = 1.88 mol O Step 4: State the Amount Ratio n Fe : n O 1.25mol : 1.88 mol Step 5: Calculate lowest whole number ratio 1.25mol : 1.88 mol 1.25mol 1.25 mol 1 : 1.5 2 : 3 Empirical Formula is Fe 2 O 3 When you don’t get a whole number, multiply entire ratio by 2, 3, 4 etc. until you get a whole number

13. Molecular Formula Molecular Formula of a compound tells you exact number of atoms in one molecule of a compound. This formula may be equal to the empirical formula or may be a multiple of this formula. To determine, you need: –The empirical formula –The molar mass of the compound

14. Molecular Formula - shows the actual number of atoms Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 Empirical Formula - shows the ratio between atoms Example: CH 2 O

15. The empirical formula of a compound is CH 3 O and its molar mass is 93.12g/mol. What is the molecular formula? Step 1: List given values Empirical Formula=CH 3 O M compound = 93.12 g/mol Step 2: Determine the molar mass for the empirical formula, CH 3 O. M Empirical = 12.01g/mol + 3(1.01g/mol) + 16.00g/mol = 31.04 g/mol

16. Step 3. Divide the molar mass by the empirical formula molar mass. = = 3 Step 4. Calculate Molecular Formula by multiplying this number by the empirical formula. Molecular formula = x (empirical formula) 3 x CH 3 O Therefore, the molecular formula is C 3 H 9 O 3 Molar mass Empirical formula molar mass 93.12 g/mol 31.04 g/mol

17. Example 2: The percent composition of a compound is determined by a combustion and analyzer is a 40.03% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen, & 53.30% oxygen. The molar mass is 180.18g/mol. What is the molecular formula Step 1: List given values C= 40.03%, O=53.30%, H=6.67% M compound = 180.18 g/mol Step 2: Calculate the mass of each element in a 100g sample m C =40.03g m O =53.30g m H =6.67g

18. Step 3: Convert Mass (m) into moles (n) n C = m/M = 40.03g/12.01g/mol = 3.33 mol C n H = m/M = 6.67g/1.01g/mol = 6.60 mol H n O = m/M = 53.30g/16.00g/mol = 3.33 mol O Step 4: State the Amount Ratio n C : n H : n O 3.33mol : 6.60mol : 3.33 mol Step 5: Calculate lowest whole number ratio 3.33mol : 6.60mol : 3.33 mol 1 : 2: 1 Empirical Formula is CH 2 O

19. Step 6: Determine the molar mass for the empirical formula M Empirical = 12.01g/mol + 2(1.01g/mol) + 16.00g/mol = 30.03 g/mol Step 7. Divide the molar mass by the empirical formula molar mass. = = 6 Step 8. Calculate Molecular Formula by multiplying this number by the empirical formula. Molecular formula = x (empirical formula) 6 x (CH 2 O) Therefore, the molecular formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 Molar mass Empirical formula molar mass 180.18 g/mol 30.03 g/mol

20. Example 3: The percent composition of a compound is determined by a combustion and analyzer is a 32.0% carbon, 6.70% hydrogen, 42.6% oxygen & 18.7% nitrogen. The molar mass is 75.08g/mol. What is the molecular formula? Calculate the mass of each element in a 100g sample m C =32.0g m O =42.6g m H =6.70g m N =18.7g Convert Mass (m) into moles (n) n C = m/M = 32.0g/12.01g/mol = 2.66 mol C n H = m/M = 6.70g/1.01g/mol = 6.65 mol H n O = m/M = 42.6g/16.00g/mol = 2.66 mol O n N = m/M = 18.7g/14.01g/mol = 1.33 mol N

21. State the Amount Ratio n C : n H : n O : n N 2.66mol : 6.65mol : 2.6 mol:1.33mol Step 5: Calculate lowest whole number ratio 2.66mol : 6.65mol : 2.6 mol:1.33mol 1.33mol : 1.33mol : 1.33 mol:1.33mol 2 : 5: 2: 1 Empirical Formula is C 2 H 5 O 2 N

22. Determine the molar mass for the empirical formula M Empirical = 75.08g Divide the molar mass by the empirical formula molar mass. = = 1 Calculate Molecular Formula by multiplying this number by the empirical formula. Molecular formula = x (empirical formula) 1 x ( C 2 H 5 O 2 N ) Therefore, the molecular formula is C 2 H 5 O 2 N Molar mass Empirical formula molar mass 75.08 g/mol