1. RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM
LECTURE 1: BASIC NAVIGATION
PREPARED BY:
MOHD ‘ARIFF BIN ABDUL JALIL
B. ENG. (AEROSPACE)(HONS) - IIUM
AVIATION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE

2. Lecturer Information Name : Mohd ‘Ariff Bin Abdul Jalil
Institution : IIUM
Major : Aerospace Engineering
Contact No. :
Consultation hour
( 8.30 am – 5.30 pm)
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

3. IMPORTANT THINGS Students have the name tags with them
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Students have the name tags with them
No slippers , No round collar t shirt,
Observe the 15 Minutes rule,
Explain the 80% attendance rule,
No laptop for or website playing in lectures.
Display the course outline, the goals and benefits of the course.
Explain the marking scheme and the breakdown of assessments for the module.

4. ATTIRE & DRESS CODE To wear a name tag is a must. NO Slippers
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
To wear a name tag is a must.
NO Slippers
NO round collar t-shirt

5. 15 MINUTES RULES Come to class BEFORE 9.15 am or 2.15pm
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Come to class BEFORE 9.15 am or 2.15pm
Cannot enter class starting 9.16am 2.16pm
(unless have solid reason)
If you come late and still want to enter
the class and want to learn, ask
permission from the management.

6. 80 % ATTENDANCE RULES YOU WILL BE BARRED FROM THE MIDTERM EXAM
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
We have 2 HOUR class per week.
We have total 14 lectures.
Who fail 80% attendance is not allow to
take your midterm test.
YOU WILL BE BARRED FROM
THE MIDTERM EXAM

7. FREE MARKS WILL BE GIVEN UPON YOUR ATTENDANCE
5% FREE MARKS FOR 100% ATTENDANCE
THIS 5% FREE MARKS WILL DETERMINE EITHER A OR A-
EITHER D OR E.

8. How to SCORE my subject? Ask question. Try to answer
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Regularly ATTEND the class
Give 100% ATTENTION to the lecture
Do and submit ASSIGMENT
Participate and active in class (Be sporting & Don’t be shy)
Ask question.
Try to answer

9. SEE ME to discuss any problem.
How to SCORE my subject?
STUDY in the group.
SEE ME to discuss any problem.
Take IMPORTANT NOTE from my lecture.
Think out of box

10. THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
JUST DO IT
I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a decision =)

11. Lesson Timeline 4 CREDIT HOURS 14 Weeks in July Semester
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
4 CREDIT HOURS
14 Weeks in July Semester
11 LECTURES TO BE COVERED
Midterm Exam on (Date will be decided later)
Midterm Examination will be up to LECTURE 6

12. FULL CARRY MARKS - RESULTS
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Attendance: 5%
Mid Term Test: 10%
Public Speaking: 10%
Assignment: 15%
Final Exam: 60%
TOTAL: 100%

13. AMC GRADING SCALE RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204 Mark
Grade
Grade Points
(80–100) A
4.00
(75-79) A-
3.67
(70-74) B+
3.33
(65-69) B
3.00
(60-64) B-
2.67
(55-59) C+
2.33
(50-54) C
2.00
(45-49) C-
1.33
(40-44) D
1.00
(0-39) F
0.00

14. GPA CALCULATION Credit Hours Grade Grade Points 3 B (3.00) 9.00 4
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Credit Hours
Grade
Grade Points 3
B (3.00)
9.00 4
12.00
Total Cr Hrs: 14
GPA
42/14=3.00

15. Course Outlines Lecture 1: Introduction to RAN Lecture 2: Radio Theory
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Lecture 1: Introduction to RAN
Lecture 2: Radio Theory
Lecture 3: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) & Non Directional Beacon (NDB)
Lecture 4: VHF Omni Directional Range (VOR)
Lecture 5: Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Lecture 6: RADAR
Lecture 7: Global Positioning System (GPS)
Lecture 8: Instrument Landing System (ILS & MLS)
Lecture 9: Global Proximity Warning System (GPWS)
Lecture 10: Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
Lecture 11: Approach Lightings System (ALS)

16. Objective and Outcome Course Outline
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Course Outline

17. MOTIVATIONAL QUOTES
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

18. Your choices determine what you’ll be.
MOTIVATIONAL QUOTES
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
You decide your future.
Your choices determine what you’ll be.

19. Learning Outcomes
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
Define Navigation
Describe basic methods use for navigation
List navigational aids system for aircraft during departure, en-route and approach.

20. INTRODUCTION Do you know what is this subject is all about?
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Do you know what is this subject is all about?
RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS??

21. INTRODUCTION
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

22. What is NAVIGATION?
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Navigation is the art and science of getting from one destination to another in the least possible time without losing your way.
Navigation: The process of plan and direct the route of aircraft by using MAPS or NAVIGATIONAL AID SYSTEMS.

23. What is NAVIGATION?
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Air Navigation – The action of plotting and directing the route of an aircraft through the air from one place to another. Adapted from the United States Air Force Dictionary.

24. Objectives of navigation
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Know your position
Efficient use of fuel
Maintain a flight schedule
Avoid other air traffic
Avoid ground-to-air missiles
Minimize exposure to enemy radar

25. 1927: Charles Lindbergh First flying across the Atlantic ocean (New York-Paris) using the Spirit of St. Louis
His journey cover 5,815km and took about 33 and 1/2 hours. Fly without any navigation instruments

26. Basic Air Navigation
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
The type of navigation used by pilots depends on many factors.
The navigation method used depends on
Where the pilot is going.
How long the flight will take.
When the flight is to take off,
The expected weather.
Type of aircraft.
The on-board navigation equipment,
The ratings and currency of the pilot.

27. Basic Air Navigation To navigate a pilot needs to know the following:
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
To navigate a pilot needs to know the following:
Starting point (point of departure) and Ending point (final destination)
Direction of travel + The distance
Aircraft speed, aircraft fuel capacity
Aircraft weight & balance information
With this information flight planning can commence and the proper method of navigation can be put to use.

28. Ways of Navigation
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
There are three common ways for aircraft navigation.
PILOTAGE
DEAD RECKONING
RADIO NAVIGATION
The two most fundamental methods of finding your way in an airplane are pilotage - the identification of present position and direction of flight by seeing features on the ground, and Dead Reckoning.
The methods used in this chapter include pilotage—navigating by reference to visible landmarks, dead reckoning—computations of direction and distance from a known position, and radio navigation—by use of radio aids.

29. Pilotage
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For a non-instrument rated, private pilot planning to fly VFR (Visual Flight Rules) in a small, single engine airplane around the local area on a clear day; the navigation is simple.

30. Pilotage
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Pilotage is the using known landmarks in an attempt to navigate.
This also is very dangerous unless other navigational tools are employed.
This is because occasionally a suspect known land mark might not be correct.

31. Pilotage
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For hundreds of years the delivery of pilotage has been an act of singular artistry – an extraordinary demonstration of knowledge and skill channeled through one individual – the pilot.

32. Pilotage Pilotage: navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Pilotage: navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints
Pilot uses a chart and flies from one visible landmark to another.
Requires relatively low altitudes so that landmarks can be seen and recognized more easily
Pilotage, Dead Reckoning and Radio Navigation
Pilotage means flying from point to point by visually following features on the ground. It is the way you drive your car and it is often a practical way to fly an airplane. For example: to fly from Castlegar to Revelstoke simply follow the Columbia River.
Choose checkpoints that can be readily identified by other features such as roads, rivers, railroad tracks, lakes, and power lines. If possible, select features that make useful boundaries or brackets on each side of the course, such as highways, rivers, railroads, and mountains.

33. Pilotage
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
To a great extent, current pilotage services continue to be delivered in this manner.
Delivering pilotage services in this classical fashion has proven efficient but it has nonetheless been marred with preventable accidents, many of which were due to an inherent weakness - single point failure.
The consequences of some of these accidents have been very serious not only for the ship and its‘ crew but the environment and the individual pilot involved.

34. Pilotage Advantages: Easy to understand and perform.
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Advantages:
Easy to understand and perform.
No special equipment needed (Just use eyes capabilities.)

35. Pilotage Disadvantages:
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Disadvantages:
Direct course is usually impractical as it is often necessary to follow a zigzag route to well-known landmarks, resulting in longer flights. (See the animation on the next slides).

36. Giant MFC Econsave Mak Teh Corner Tmn Tasik Chempaka
AMC
Let say from AMC you want to go to Taman Tasik Chempaka. Because of limited information of landmarks in B.B.Bangi, your navigation process might end up in zig-zag route such in the diagram. (click mouse to see)
But, if you really know about the landmarks, you will get a straight route to Tmn Tasik Chempaka as shown in Green Arrow. (click mouse to see)

37. Pilotage Disadvantages:
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Disadvantages:
Sometimes, we might do mistakes in recognizing any landmarks and lead towards wrong navigation. (Example: Misinterpret between KLCC and KL Tower)

38. Pilotage Disadvantages:
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Disadvantages:
Not practical to be used during night or during bad weather as the visibility is limited.

39. Dead Reckoning
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Dead Reckoning is another basic navigational method used by low speed, small airplane pilots.
It is based on mathematical calculations to plot a course using the elements of a course line, airspeed, course, heading and elapsed time.
“Dead Reckoning: navigation of an aircraft solely by
means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance,
and direction.”
Dead-reckoning (DR) means to determine the one heading and time that will take the airplane directly to a point, allowing for wind. DR is by definition flight along a straight line path. Most of this course is devoted to learning how to dead-reckon.

41. Dead Reckoning
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Manual or electronic flight computers are used to calculate time-speed-distance measurements, fuel consumption, density altitude and many other en route data necessary for navigation.
The estimated time en route (ETE) can be calculated using the flight distance, the airspeed and direction to be flown.
If the route is flown at the airspeed planned, when the planned flight time is up, the destination should be visible from the cockpit.

42. Navigating now by dead reckoning would be used only as a last resort

43. Dead Reckoning Advantages: Disadvantages
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Advantages:
straighter line courses possible
Disadvantages
requires calculations prior to flight
may be inaccurate as weather changes rapidly on some cases
More typically, a course is determined and flown by calculations made from dead reckoning, and then backed up by pilotage during the flight

44. Radio navigation
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Radio navigation: the location of the airplane is determined by referring to instruments such as VOR, ADF, or GPS.
Radio navigation means that the location of the airplane is determined by referring to instruments such as VOR, ADF, or GPS. This is necessary when flying IFR.
In real-world VFR navigating, pilots use a combination of pilotage and DR. DR dominates on long flights, especially over terrain that lacks distinctive features. Any VFR flight over water must be a DR flight for example. Pilotage dominates on shorter flights, but it can only be used when the ground has distinctive features so that the pilot can accurately determine position visually. Even on a long flight some portions of all VFR flights require pilotage. Usually the leg just after takeoff until established at the set heading point requires pilotage. And the final circuit joining and landing is also a pilotage leg. DR is the most efficient means of navigation, but if the terrain has good, distinctive, features some pilotage is practical especially when doing things such as diverting around poor weather or special use airspace.
Often, even on a VFR flight, some radio navigation will be used – thus one flight may require pilotage, DR, and radio navigation. In this course we will generally keeps these techniques separated for instructional purposes, but in the real world they should be used together to achieve and efficient flight with the lowest possible workload for the pilot.

45. Flight Profile
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

46. Navigational Aids System
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For En-Route/Cruise, the navigational aids system are:
NDB (Non Directional Beacon) & ADF (Automatic Direction Finding)
VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)
GPS(Global Positioning System)

47. Navigational Aids System
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
For Approach and Landing, the navigational aids system are:
ILS (Instrument Landing System)
MLS (Microwave Landing System)
ALS (Approach Lighting System)
RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)

48. Instrumentation Aircraft Installations: Ground Installations
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204
Aircraft Installations:
Indicator System in the Cockpit
Aircraft’s Antenna
Ground Installations
Ground Antenna

49. Indicator System in the Cockpit
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

50. Aircraft’s Antenna
RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

51. Navigational Aid Systems
En-Route/Cruise Navigation
Landing Navigation
ILS
VOR
NDB
MLS
DME