1. Comparative Intergovernmental Politics: CETA Negotiations between Canada and the EU CETA Conference: Session 1, May 5, 2014 Dr. Valerie D’Erman University of Victoria (Victoria, BC, Canada)

2. Introduction and background Canada and EU prevalent examples of federal- like governance Early attempts at CETA stalled due to WTO talks and lack of provincial involvement Significant of this FTA agreement: – Leverage helped EU assert norms of procedure – Precedent for provincial “pre-commitment” – International recognition of EU principle of ‘subsidiarity’

3. Negotiations New precedent in Canada for involvement of sub-national governments One-sided debate over liberalization of services and public procurement Sectoral protest within Canadian provinces Criticism over lack of transparency

4. Significance Success of EU in getting demands met and in exporting norms of procedure Possible precedent for EU-U.S. negotiations (TTIP)? Theoretical understandings of federalism – Contrast between Canada and EU as federal-like polities – Lack of nation-state or elected executive in EU – Internal market coherence much stronger in EU, and resulting ability to negotiate

5. Conclusions PARADOX EU Single Market and federalism – Visible and central goal of European integration – Prior deregulation among member states already achieved through intergovernmental negotiation – Treaty-based governance over constitutionalism – Activist role of the ECJ EU intergovernmental-supranational relations as a successful model of federal governance rather than a federation with qualifiers