1. Quantum Two 1

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3. Motion in 3D as a Direct Product 3

4. In the last topic, we saw how to actually work in direct product spaces, i.e., how to compute inner products, and construct basis vectors, and various operators of interest. To make these formal definitions more concrete we consider a few examples. Consider, e.g., our familiar case of a single spinless quantum particle moving in 3 dimensions. It turns out that this quantum state space can be written as the direct product of 3 spaces, each of which is describes a quantum particle moving along one of the three orthogonal Cartesian axes. 4

5. In the last topic, we saw how to actually work in direct product spaces, i.e., how to compute inner products, and construct basis vectors, and various operators of interest. To make these formal definitions more concrete we consider a few examples. Consider, e.g., our familiar case of a single spinless quantum particle moving in 3 dimensions. It turns out that this quantum state space can be written as the direct product of 3 spaces, each of which is describes a quantum particle moving along one of the three orthogonal Cartesian axes. 5

6. In the last topic, we saw how to actually work in direct product spaces, i.e., how to compute inner products, and construct basis vectors, and various operators of interest. To make these formal definitions more concrete we consider a few examples. Consider, e.g., our familiar case of a single spinless quantum particle moving in 3 dimensions. It turns out that this quantum state space can be written as the direct product of 3 spaces, each of which is describes a quantum particle moving along one of the three orthogonal Cartesian axes. 6

7. In the last topic, we saw how to actually work in direct product spaces, i.e., how to compute inner products, and construct basis vectors, and various operators of interest. To make these formal definitions more concrete we consider a few examples. Consider, e.g., our familiar case of a single spinless quantum particle moving in 3 dimensions. It turns out that this quantum state space can be written as the direct product of 3 spaces, each of which is describes a quantum particle moving along one of the three orthogonal Cartesian axes. 7

8. In the last topic, we saw how to actually work in direct product spaces, i.e., how to compute inner products, and construct basis vectors, and various operators of interest. To make these formal definitions more concrete we consider a few examples. Consider, e.g., our familiar case of a single spinless quantum particle moving in 3 dimensions. It turns out that this quantum state space can be written as the direct product of 3 spaces, each of which is describes a quantum particle moving along one of the three orthogonal Cartesian axes. 8

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27. It is left to the viewer to verify that all other properties of the space of a single particle moving in 3 dimensions follow entirely from the properties of the direct product of 3 one-dimensional factor spaces. 27

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29. State Space of a Spin ½ Particle as a Direct Product Space 29

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43. An arbitrary state of a spin-1/2 particle can then be expanded in this basis in the usual way and thus requires a two component wave function (or spinor). In other words, to specify the state of the system we must provide two separate complex-valued functions ψ₊(r) and ψ₋(r) such that gives the probability density to find the particle spin-up at gives the probability density to find the particle spin-down at 43

44. An arbitrary state of a spin-1/2 particle can then be expanded in this basis in the usual way and thus requires a two component wave function (or spinor). In other words, to specify the state of the system we must provide two separate complex-valued functions ψ₊(r) and ψ₋(r) such that gives the probability density to find the particle spin-up at gives the probability density to find the particle spin-down at 44

45. An arbitrary state of a spin-1/2 particle can then be expanded in this basis in the usual way and thus requires a two component wave function (or spinor). In other words, to specify the state of the system we must provide two separate complex-valued functions ψ₊(r) and ψ₋(r) such that gives the probability density to find the particle spin-up at gives the probability density to find the particle spin-down at 45

46. An arbitrary state of a spin-1/2 particle can then be expanded in this basis in the usual way and thus requires a two component wave function (or spinor). In other words, to specify the state of the system we must provide two separate complex-valued functions ψ₊(r) and ψ₋(r) such that gives the probability density to find the particle spin-up at gives the probability density to find the particle spin-down at 46

47. An arbitrary state of a spin-1/2 particle can then be expanded in this basis in the usual way and thus requires a two component wave function (or spinor). In other words, to specify the state of the system we must provide two separate complex-valued functions ψ₊(r) and ψ₋(r) such that gives the probability density to find the particle spin-up at gives the probability density to find the particle spin-down at 47

48. Note also that, through the rules of the inner product, all spin operators automatically commute with all spatial operators Thus, the concept of a direct product space arises in many different situations in quantum mechanics. When such a structure is properly identified it can help elucidate the structure of the underlying state space. 48

49. Note also that, through the rules of the inner product, all spin operators automatically commute with all spatial operators Thus, the concept of a direct product space arises in many different situations in quantum mechanics. When such a structure is properly identified it can help elucidate the structure of the underlying state space. 49

50. Note also that, through the rules of the inner product, all spin operators automatically commute with all spatial operators Thus, the concept of a direct product space arises in many different situations in quantum mechanics. When such a structure is properly identified it can help elucidate the structure of the underlying state space. 50

51. Note also that, through the rules of the inner product, all spin operators automatically commute with all spatial operators Thus, the concept of a direct product space arises in many different situations in quantum mechanics. When such a structure is properly identified it can help elucidate the structure of the underlying state space. 51

52. Note also that, through the rules of the inner product, all spin operators automatically commute with all spatial operators Thus, the concept of a direct product space arises in many different situations in quantum mechanics. When such a structure is properly identified it can help elucidate the structure of the underlying state space. 52

53. Having explored briefly some concrete examples of direct product spaces, we return in our next segment to the subject which provided the motivation for our mathematical exploration of them, namely A description of the state space, possible basis vectors, and operators of interest, for a system of N particles of various types (spinless or not) moving in different numbers of possible spatial dimensions. 53

54. Having explored briefly some concrete examples of direct product spaces, we return in our next segment to the subject which provided the motivation for our mathematical exploration of them, namely … a description of the state space, possible basis vectors, and operators of interest, for a system of N particles of various types (spinless or not) moving in different numbers of possible spatial dimensions. 54

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