1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 2 Drafting the Constitution Understand the reasons leaders called for the Constitutional Convention. Summarize the rival plans of government proposed at the convention. Describe the compromises made in order to reach agreement on the Constitution. Objectives

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Terms and People Alexander Hamilton – New York delegate, favored strong central government James Madison – “Father of the Constitution,” proposed the Virginia Plan Virginia Plan – Madison’s proposal for a strong federal government divided power between executive, legislative, and judicial branches New Jersey Plan – William Paterson’s proposal for a unicameral legislature gave each state one vote and retained most features of the Articles of Confederation

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Terms and People (continued) Great Compromise – Roger Sherman’s proposal, which included a House based on population and a Senate with two votes per state federalism – a system that divides power between state governments and the federal government Three-Fifths Compromise – in return for Southern support of the Constitution, northerners agreed to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person for determining electoral votes and seats in Congress

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? After Shays’ Rebellion, Congress called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they created an entirely new constitution.

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 By 1787 most citizens agreed that the Articles were flawed and needed at least two major changes: In May, delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia to propose Amendments to the Articles. The power to regulate interstate and international commerce The power to tax

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 53 of the nation’s top leaders convened at the Pennsylvania State House. Most helped to write their state constitutions. Most were rich. All were white males. 21 fought in the Revolution. 8 were signers of the Declaration of Independence.

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Missing: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. They were serving as diplomats in Europe. George Washington was chosen as president of the Convention. James Madison Roger Sherman George Mason Elbridge Gerry William Paterson James Wilson John Dickinson Charles Pinckney Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Gouverneur Morris Leaders present: Who came?

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Alexander Hamilton advocated a powerful central government. Ben Franklin contributed experience, wisdom, and prestige. Framers of the Constitution

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Called the Father of the Constitution, James Madison already had a plan of government in mind. Called the Father of our Country, George Washington attracted crowds when he arrived in Philadelphia. Framers of the Constitution

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Hamilton and Madison emerged as leaders. Conservative; he feared too much democracy Favored a balance of aristocracy, monarchy, and republicanism Alexander Hamilton James Madison Favored a large republic with diverse interests to preserve the common good Favored a system where different interests would “check” each other’s power to ensure liberty

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 A strong federal government with power to tax, regulate commerce, and veto state laws A Senate and a House of Representatives, both based on population A strong President to command the military and manage foreign relations James Madison proposed his Virginia Plan:

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 An executive by committee rather than one leader A unicameral legislature with one vote per state regardless of population States retain sovereignty except for a few powers granted to the federal government William Patterson proposed the New Jersey Plan:

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Roger Sherman proposed The Great Compromise to break the impasse: Two Houses in Congress: The lower house was based on a state’s population. In the upper house, each state had two senators. A system of federalism: Power would be divided between the federal government and the states. Certain powers, such as issuing money, were forbidden to states.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Southern states feared larger free states would dominate Congress and threaten slavery. They saw slavery as essential for their economy and demanded protections in the Constitution. Delegates from Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out. Slavery proved to be a divisive issue.

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 A slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in Congress and electoral votes for presidential elections. Importation of slaves could not be forbidden for twenty years. Northern states could not pass laws to help runaway slaves. Solution: Three-fifths Compromise

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 Southerners such as Charles C. Pinckney feared the inclusion of anti-slavery phrases, such as “all men are by nature free.” No Bill of Rights George Mason Edmund Randolph Elbridge Gerry, who called it “flawed” Some delegates refused to sign in protest:

17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War BeginsDrafting the Constitution Section 2 39 delegates signed and the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification. On September 17 th ; 42 delegates remained at the convention. Alexander Hamilton accepted the Constitution as the only alternative to “anarchy and convulsion.”