1. Chapter 5 Evolution and Biodiversity Review 2015

2. Answer to multiple choice questions for chapter 5 pages 141-142 1A9 B 2 B10 C 3B 4A 5C 6 D 7 E 8 E

3. What is a species?

4. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms that associate with one another and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

5. How do you determine the diversity of an ecosystem? A B

6. How do you determine the diversity of an ecosystem? You count the number of species A B Which picture is the most diverse?

7. Which picture is the most diverse? A A B Calculate the Species Richness of each picture. Assume that if it looks different it is a different species.

8. A B Species Richness for A is 10 and for B it is 4

9. Another way to calculate diversity is species evenness. Which diagram has the greatest species evenness? The colors represent different species.

10. Another way to calculate diversity is species evenness. Which diagram has the greatest species evenness? The colors represent different species. A

11. What is a species?

12. What is a species? Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile young

13. What is an invasive species?

14. What is an invasive species? An organism not native to the ecosystem that reduces the diversity of the ecosystem.

15. Use the phylogeny to identify which organism is most closely related to the leopard.

16. Use the phylogeny to identify which organism is most closely related to the leopard. Turtle

17. Which attributes are shared by tunas and salamanders?

18. Which attributes are shared by tunas and salamanders? Both have vertebral columns and hinged jaws.

19. Give two examples of artificial selection.

21. When a population is suddenly reduced because of natural disaster, what happens to the genetic diversity of the population?

22. When a population is suddenly reduced because of natural disaster, what happens to the genetic diversity of the population? Diversity decreases. Is the diversity loss caused by density dependent or density independent factors?

23. When a population is suddenly reduced because of natural disaster, what happens to the diversity of the population? Diversity decreases. Is the diversity loss caused by density dependent or density independent factors?

24. What is the term that describes a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a natural disaster like fire or clear cutting or drought or volcanoes or habitat loss?

25. What is the term that describes a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a natural disaster like fire or clear cutting or drought or volcanoes or habitat loss or hunting? Bottleneck effect

26. What is the term for all the members of a species being killed?

27. What is the term for all the members of a species being killed? Extinction

28. What do scientists use to determine the morphology and the time a species lived if it has gone extinct?

29. Fossils

30. Name a cellular process that creates genetic diversity.

31. Name a cellular process that creates genetic diversity. Mutation How does the use of air conditioning contribute to mutations?

32. Name a cellular process that creates genetic diversity. Mutation How does the use of air conditioning contribute to mutations? Air conditioners contain cfcs which can destroy the ozone layer which prevents UV rays (a mutagen) from reaching earth’s surface.

33. Some bacteria that are exposed to antibiotics are resistant to the drug and pass this resistance on to their offspring. The bacteria’s ability to be resistant to an antibiotic is an____________.

34. Some bacteria that are exposed to antibiotics are resistant to the drug and pass this resistance on to their offspring. The bacteria’s ability to be resistant to an antibiotic is an adaptation.

35. An adaptation is a trait that improves an organism’s fitness for an environment. Name an adaptation that a plant located at 35°N on the east side of a mountain.

36. An adaptation is a trait that improves an organism’s fitness for an environment. Name an adaptation that a plant located at 35°N on the east side of a mountain. Needle like leaves and thick waxy covering.

37. How does allopatric speciation occur?

38. How does allopatric speciation occur? Organisms that were once able to breed become separated from one another, perhaps by a stream, and then evolve over time so they can no longer interbreed.

39. Which fossil is the oldest?

40. Which fossil is the oldest? Trilobite

41. Name 3 factors that contribute to extinctions.

42. Name 3 factors that contribute to extinctions. Loss of habitat, climate change, invasive species, inability to adapt, over harvesting, natural disasters

43. On average, what happens to temperature as you move north of the equator in the winter? On average, what happens to temperature as you move south of the equator in the winter?

44. On average, what happens to temperature as you move north of the equator in the winter? It gets cooler On average, what happens to temperature as you move south of the equator in the winter? It gets cooler

45. On average, what happens to temperature as you move higher in elevation up a mountain.

46. On average, what happens to temperature as you move higher in elevation up a mountain. It gets colder

47. Aspen trees favor niches that have colder temperatures. Birch trees share similar niches with aspen trees, but they tolerate warmer climates better. Which tree would come to dominate if the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increased?

49. What is the difference between a niche generalist and a niche specialist? generalist specialist

50. What is the difference between a niche generalist and a niche specialist? A specialist can live in only one habitat, but a generalist can occupy many different habitats. generalist specialist

51. What is genetic drift?

52. Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.

53. Much of the information on your scale model of the geologic timeline was concentrated close to the present. If the earth is 4.6 billion years old, why are most of the animals and plants near the present line?

54. Much of the information on your scale model of the geologic timeline was concentrated close to the present. If the earth is 4.6 billion years old, why are most of the animals and plants near the present line? We only have fossils (hard parts) for the most recent events.

55. The earth is 4.6 billion years old. The Mesozoic Era lasted from 248 million years ago to 65 million years ago. Determine the percentage of time the Mesozoic Era comprises of the geologic time line.

56. 248 million years – 65 million years = 183 million years 183 million years/4.6 billion years = 0.04 0.04 * 100 = 4%

57. Human recorded history has lasted 6,000 years. If the earth is 4.6 billion years old, what percentage of the earth’s timeline has human recorded history?

58. 6,000 years/4,600,000,000 years = 0.0000013 or 1.3 *10 -6 1.3 *10 -6 *100 = 0.00013% or 1.3 *10 -4 %

59. Last Year’s Free Response Question: 1.You may need to calculate the species richness and evenness for two tide pool environments. 2.You may need to compare these diversities to the general trend of latitude vs diversity. 3.You may need to explain how styrofoam effects the ozone layer and how that could influence the species diversity of the two tide pool environments (pages 52-55).

60. Human recorded history has lasted 6,000 years. If the earth is 4.6 billion years old, what percentage of the earth’s timeline has human recorded history? 6000 years /4.6 billion years = 6000 years/4600000000 years = 1.3 * 10 -8 or 0.000000013 1.3 * 10 -8 * 100 = 1.3 *10 -6 % or 0.0000013 %

61. Which situations allow for more rapid evolution?

62. Which situations allow for more rapid evolution? Greater genetic variation, smaller populations, shorter generation times

63. Some scientists estimate that the current global extinction rate is about 30,000 species per year. If there are currently 15,000,000 species on earth, how long will it take to destroy all of Earth’s biodiversity?

64. 15,000,000 species /30,000 species per year = 500 years

65. What factors influence the pace of evolution?

66. Small population, short generation time, high species diversity, rate of environmental change is relatively slow