1. COLONIAL SOCIETY: Family, Social Order, and Religion

2. New England Sources of Stability: Immigrant Families and New Social Order Reproduce patriarchal English family structure in New England Reproduce patriarchal English family structure in New England Greater longevity in New England results in “invention” of grandparents Greater longevity in New England results in “invention” of grandparents Multigenerational families strengthen social stability Multigenerational families strengthen social stability

3. Commonwealth of Families Towns of families, not of individuals Towns of families, not of individuals New England families did not need indentured servants New England families did not need indentured servants

4. Women’s Lives in Puritan New England Women not legally or socially equal with men Women not legally or socially equal with men Most Women contributed to society as Most Women contributed to society as – wives and mothers – church members – small-scale farmers Served as “deputy husbands” Served as “deputy husbands”

5. Social Hierarchy in New England Absence of very rich necessitates creation of new social order (neither rich nor poor) Absence of very rich necessitates creation of new social order (neither rich nor poor) New England social order adapts: New England social order adapts: – leader not based on wealth but other criteria – much greater social mobility than in England

6. The Challenge of the Chesapeake Bay: Family Life at Risk Normal family life impossible in Virginia Normal family life impossible in Virginia Serial marriages, extended families common Serial marriages, extended families common Orphaned children raised by strangers Orphaned children raised by strangers

7. Women in Chesapeake Society Scarcity gives some women bargaining power in marriage market Scarcity gives some women bargaining power in marriage market Women without family protection vulnerable to sexual exploitation Women without family protection vulnerable to sexual exploitation Childbearing extremely dangerous Childbearing extremely dangerous

8. The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealth Early gentry become stable ruling elite by 1700 Early gentry become stable ruling elite by 1700

9. The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen The largest class in Chesapeake society The largest class in Chesapeake society Most freed at the end of indenture Most freed at the end of indenture Live on the edge of poverty Live on the edge of poverty

10. The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured Servants Servitude a temporary status Servitude a temporary status Conditions harsh, much like slavery Conditions harsh, much like slavery

11. The Structure of Planter Society: Post- 1680s Stability Great social mobility (with money) Great social mobility (with money) Demographic shift after 1680 creates creole elite Demographic shift after 1680 creates creole elite Ownership of slaves consolidates planter wealth and position Ownership of slaves consolidates planter wealth and position Freemen find advancement more difficult Freemen find advancement more difficult

12. The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population Large-scale tobacco cultivation requires Large-scale tobacco cultivation requires – great landholdings – ready access to water-borne commerce Virginia became a rural society devoid of towns Virginia became a rural society devoid of towns

13. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 Salutary neglect gives way to attempts to regulate, protect, and profit from commerce Salutary neglect gives way to attempts to regulate, protect, and profit from commerce Ships engage in English colonial trade Ships engage in English colonial trade – must be made in England (or America) – must carry a crew at least 75% English – Enumerated goods only to English ports

14. Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663 Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through England Prohibited European rivals from getting these enumerated goods anywhere else but England Prohibited European rivals from getting these enumerated goods anywhere else but England Encouraged domestic shipbuilding Encouraged domestic shipbuilding

15. Civil War in Virginia: Bacon's Rebellion Rebellion allows small farmers, blacks and women to join, demand reforms Rebellion allows small farmers, blacks and women to join, demand reforms Rebellion collapses after Bacon’s death Rebellion collapses after Bacon’s death Governor William Berkeley regains control Governor William Berkeley regains control

16. Growth and Diversity 1700-1750 – colonial population rises from 250,000 to over two million 1700-1750 – colonial population rises from 250,000 to over two million

17. COMMON EXPERIENCES, SEPARATE CULTURES PurposeFamiliesEthnicityEconomy New EnglandReligiousNuclear families Mostly English Family farms Middle Colonies MixedNuclear families Mixed European Family farms ChesapeakeGain wealthExtended families English (majority) & African Market plantations (tobacco) Lower SouthGain wealthExtended families English & African (majority) Market plantations (rice, indigo)