1. Spatial & Temporal Planning Approach to Tourism Planning in Cities By Ashani Thomas

2. Objectives To identify what is Planning? Understanding spatial approach to planning Temporal approach to planning Success areas of focus (marketing, transportation and amenities etc) in Kingston.

3. What is Planning? A basic management function involving formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources (Online Business Dictionary). The planning process identifies the goals or objectives to be achieved, formulates strategies to achieve them, arranges or creates the means required, and implements, directs, and monitors all steps in their proper sequence (Goeldner, 2000).

4. What is Spatial Approach to Planning Is the use of the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales (Goeldner, 2000). This approach involve land use, urban regional, transport and environmental planning. Other vital areas include economic community planning.

5. Spatial Approach to Planning cont… Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often result in the creation of a spatial plan. Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society.

6. Spatial Approach to Planning cont… It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organization of space according to an overall strategy (Goeldner, 2000).

7. Spatial Approach to planning Advantages  Contributes to the reduction of traffic congestion.  Clean and healthy environment as it relates to transportation  Promotes accessibility Disadvantages  Costly  Time consuming

8. Temporal Approach to Planning Temporal planning pertains to time which may includes duration of a journey, a set of activities, or temporal order of activities. Each activity has a duration (Time Span), an activity type and a spatial assignment.

9. Temporal Approach to Planning Advantages Saves time Easier flow of people Reduces the likelihood of minors getting injured in the case of a crowd Give detailed timing from one location to the next (clock, kilometer, meters or clock-minutes or hours) Disadvantages Inefficiency due to natural causes Cites can become overcrowded, suddenly contributing to the inadequacy of a plan to become insufficient (hence allotted time to get from one location to next become longer)

10. Cont’d Temporal planning may focus on the following elements: Making sure activities do not overlap with each other in time, The sum of durations of activities together with temporal costs required to overcome distances between spatial assignments should not exceed a given temporal scope of a journey.

11. Factors to consider when planning for spatial temporal approach in cities Environmental Concern Transportation Sanitation & Health Maintaining safety in public areas

12. Environmental concerns Natural resources and environment; The built environment Transportation Hospitality and Cultural resources. The basic elements of natural resources and environment that should be protected include: Air and climate, lands forms, and terrain Flora and fauna, beaches, natural beauty and water supply.

13. Cont’d The built environment includes both the basic infrastructure water supply systems, roads, communication networks - and the superstructure - which includes facilities built specifically for tourism such as airports, parks, marinas, hotels and motels.

14. Transportation Transportation includes items such as ships, airplanes, buses, taxis, etc. Hospitality and cultural resources include the nature of the people and the culture of the area that make tourism successful. The history, literature, friendliness, courtesy and welcoming spirit of the people as these must be incorporated in the planning process.

15. Cont’d Roads should be designed in such a way that it can accommodate the heavy flow of traffic, facilitate pedestrians, bicyclists, transit users, and motor vehicle drivers. Streets layout accommodate people of all ages and physical abilities

16. Map of Kingston

17. Effective spatial street policy Streets is a vital component in Spatial approach to planning in cities which requires coordination of transportation planning processes. As accurate planning must aid in the improvement of efficiency in urban areas.

18. Sample images of effective spatial street policies

19. Sample images of effective spatial street policies cont’d

20. Effective spatial street policy cont’d For example, checklists provide a simple method to track implementation of Streets through various stages of the planning and design processes. It also enable a destination to control the flow of people

21. Special Environmental Features Urban Planning must take into consideration Adaptation to frequently and heavy extreme precipitation events Reducing the degree of impervious surfaces in urban areas Measures of decentralized rain water management Protection of urban areas, housing and infrastructure from impacts through heavy rainfall events

22. Recommendations Develop accurate street design Accurate Signage and at the same time promoting pedestrian friendly environments Transparency-Temporal plan must gives a detailed outline of the flow of people. Developed user friendly maps that of how people can get themselves in and around the city

23. Recommendation cont’d Safety and Security- street lights, surveillances, stop sign, policing. Laws and policies- these must be enacted to serve as a policing towards the environment, for example NEPA

24. Spatial Planning See video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyBV KbgEQ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyBV KbgEQ4

25. References Business Dictionary. Planning Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/defin ition/planning.html#ixzz3HqRyGQtd Goeldner, C. R., J. R. B. Ritchie and R. W. McIntosh. (2000). Tourism Components and Supply. In Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: 362-393