1. Peopling of the USA From 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuriesFrom 4 to ~300 million in 2 centuries Immigration in comparative perspectiveImmigration in comparative perspective Slavery and the growth of the black populationSlavery and the growth of the black population Birth transition, boom and bustBirth transition, boom and bust Life Expectancy, trends and differentialsLife Expectancy, trends and differentials

3. The flood of European immigrants to the Americas, 1870 - 1920 Total Population (millions)Foreign-born (%) country187018901920187018901920 country187018901920187018901920 Argentina 2 4 8122523 Brazil 1014 31 4 5 5 U.S.A. 4063107141513 Canada 4 5 9161322 Argentina 2 4 8122523 Brazil 1014 31 4 5 5 U.S.A. 4063107141513 Canada 4 5 9161322 Reported immigration for these countries: 40 million (1870-1920)Reported immigration for these countries: 40 million (1870-1920) Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada 12%, USA 65%Share of total: Argentina 15%, Brazil 8%, Canada 12%, USA 65%

5. Forces behind Emigration from Europe: Interconnection between industrial and demographic revolutions High rates of natural increaseHigh rates of natural increase Income gap between home and destinationIncome gap between home and destination Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”)Emigration chains (“friends and relatives”) Emigration cycles driven by economic and demographic forcesEmigration cycles driven by economic and demographic forces

7. TotalUSA Brazil 1451-1599 3000 50 1600-1,3000 600 1700-6,100 3501,900 1800-18651,900 501,100 Total9,600 400 3,650 Total9,600 400 3,650 Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1865, 9.6 million) (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade)

8. Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million) (P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade) 50 7550100

9. 17th century slave traffic: Brazil (600 thousand) was main destination (of 1.3 million total ) 25300 600 250 50 50 150 150

10. 18th c., the height of the slave trade: Brazil 33%, French 23, British 23, Spanish 10, Dutch 7, N. America 6% of 6.1 m. total 350600 1,400 1,400 1,900 450

11. 19th c. (1801-1865): Brazil (6/10) and Cuba (1/3) are principal destinations for almost 2 million slaves 50600 100 1,100

12. Slavery and “Race” in Brazil and USA The demographic paradox of slavery in the AmericasThe demographic paradox of slavery in the Americas –US: low imports, high reproduction –Brazil: high imports, low reproduction Brazil U.S.A. 1492-1856 slave trade (millions) 3.3 0.4 1870 Black population (m) 610 1980 " " " 5426 Slavery at peak:Slavery at peak: –USA 19% of total population (1790) –50% in Brazil, 1872.

13. Brazilian Population (millions) by “Race”: The “mulatto escape hatch” Year“Whites”“Mulattoes” “Blacks” Total Year“Whites”“Mulattoes” “Blacks” Total 1872 4 42 10 1890 6 62 14 194026 96 41 198054396 119

16. End