1. CH.3 MIGRATION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3BQzAaU3LY

2. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE  Type 1: Mobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of movements  Ex. Journeying each day to work or school  Ex. Weekly visits to local shops  Type 2: Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation.  Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Migration  A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration.  Emigration is migration from a location.  Immigration is migration to a location. Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from and to it. Emigrant: Place A → Place B Immigrant: Place B → Place A  Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a place’s net migration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. DISTANCE Migration can be divided into two categories. 1. International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary-Choice(economic) Forced-Compelled(Political or Environmental) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION

6. FORCED MIGRATION

7. EXAMPLE: FORCED MIGRATION

8.  British relocated many Asian during the colonial period as did the Dutch.  The Chinese migrated for economic opportunities as traders.  Today they make up 14% in Thailand 32% in Malaysia 76% in Singapore 3% in Indonesia

9. WHAT COUNTRIES DO PEOPLE EMIGRATE FROM?

11. World Immigration Patterns  Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants.  Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries.  Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa  Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. World Immigration Patterns

13. U.S. Immigration Patterns  U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually.  Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.  17 th -18 th : Colonial settlement  19 th -20 th :Mass European immigration  Late 20 th -21 st : Asian and Latin American integration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 2. Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country Interregional-Move from one region to another Current examples: Rural to urban Urban to suburban: lifestyle changes Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called counterurbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city Intraregional migration- within regions Current USA examples: Movement North to South, and East to West Refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States Rural to urban areas to find jobs

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. MEXICO EXAMPLE  International migration: Into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States.  Internal migration: Migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.

18. Where Do People Migrate within a Country?  Interregional Migration  Perceived economic improvement typically compels individuals to make interregional migrations. Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier. Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

19.  EX. Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. “Center of population gravity”

20. Why Do People Migrate?  TWO FACTORS:  Push factors induce people to move out of their present location.  Pull factors induce people to move into a new location. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Three major types of push and pull factors  Economic-poverty and a desire for opportunity.  Political-persecution, expulsion, policies, or war.  Environmental-crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.

22. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Search for better paying jobs To find new jobs/employment To escape poverty or low standards of living

23. Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home to their family members who remain behind.

24. Most illegal immigrants are Mexicans, but a growing number Are from Central and South America, like the men waiting Outside of “Bar Honduras”.

25.  A massive dump site in Arizona’s Upper Altar Valley. After walking 40 miles through the desert, illegal immigrants are met here by coyotes. They are told to dump their old clothes & packs and put on more “American” looking clothes the coyotes have brought. They then begin the trip to an urban stash house.

26.  Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country.  Current Example: Syria  http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=163 http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=163 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. EX. Reconnecting Cultural Groups About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948. After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

28. Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions.  Environmental Pull Factors Mountains Seaside Warm Climates  Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat Flood Drought © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

30. E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—1913) British sociologist  LAWS OF MIGRATION: 1. Most migrants go only a short distance. 2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating to a city. 3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. Most migration is rural to urban. 5. Each migration flow produces a counter flow. 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. Most international migrants are young males.

31. Wilbur Zelinsky 1. Migration trend follow demographic transition stages. 2. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. 3. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities already in stages 3 and 4. 4. Stage- 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.

32. Immigration Policies  USA Quota Laws  Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 population  Immigration Act of 1965 1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented, lottery, refugees

33. Immigration Policies  Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery  Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa  Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany  Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia

35. What about refugees?  UN definition  A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group.  UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide

36. It is difficult to identify refugees.  UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary migrants before granting asylum.  Three general characteristics:  Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them.  Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat.  Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migrations.

37. EX. Regions of Dislocation  Sub-Saharan Africa  Several of the world’s largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21 st century  -8 million “official” refugees  Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Sudan  Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda

38. Stories  http://www.ted.com/talks/tan_le_my_immigration_ story http://www.ted.com/talks/tan_le_my_immigration_ story  http://www.local10.com/news/a-look-at-what-is- prompting-child-migration-from- honduras/27455886 http://www.local10.com/news/a-look-at-what-is- prompting-child-migration-from- honduras/27455886  http://www.learner.org/series/powerofplace/page 2.html http://www.learner.org/series/powerofplace/page 2.html