1. Basic Physical Principles Lancelot L. Kao Updated: Jan 18, 2010

2. 2 Topic Category of Energy Temperature & Heat Mass, Energy and Matter

3. 3 Basic Category of Energy Kinetic Energy –energy of motion ( K.E.= ½ mv 2 ; m = mass, v = speed ) Potential Energy –energy being stored Example: Chemical energy Radiative Energy –energy carried by light

4. 4 Temperature Scale

5. 5 More About Kinetic Energy

6. 6 Mass, Energy, and Matter Definition of Mass –mass-vs-weight Mass-Energy Relation (Einstein 1905) –E = mc 2 ; m = mass, c = speed of light Atomic Structure –Protons, neutrons, electrons Molecular Structure States (Phases) of Matter

7. 7 Atomic Structure I

8. 8 Atomic Structure II --

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11. 11 Origin of Chemical Elements The Big Bang –All Hydrogen in the Universe –Most of the Helium Low Mass Stars (Stars with masses less than 4 solar masses.) –Mass loss due to stellar evolution, especially during the planetary nebula phase –Carbon, Nitrogen, & Oxygen High Mass Stars –Last stage of stellar evolution which high mass stars will explode – supernova –Heavy elements beyond Iron

12. 12 Nuclear Reactions In Stars

13. 13 Nuclear Reactions in Stars

14. 14 Planetary Nebula MyCn 18 at 2.5 kpc

15. 15 Supernova – SN1987A

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17. 17 Nuclear Binding Energy

18. 18 Molecular Structure Simple definition of a molecule: more than one atoms bind together to form a new chemical compound Basic chemical bonding mechanism –Covalent bonds –Ionic bonds –Metallic bonds –Hydrocarbon bonds

19. 19 Covalent & Ionic Bonds

20. 20 Covalent Bonds of Water

21. 21 Ionic Bonds of Sodium Chloride

22. 22 Metallic Bonds

23. 23 Hydrocarbon Bonds of Methane

24. 24 Some Organic Compound Citric Acid

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26. 26 Ring Structures

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