1. What are living creatures made of?
The Chemistry of Life
What are living creatures made of?
Why do we have to eat?

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3. Organic Chemistry Definition…
The branch of chemistry that studies carbon and its compounds

4. Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)

5. Organic compound
A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen bonded together. Example: glucose—C6H12O6

6. Inorganic compound
A compound that does not contain carbon Example: H2O NaCl

7. All organisms are organic
All organisms are organic. In other words, all organisms are carbon based.

8. Molecules of Life
Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of?
carbohydrates
sugars & starches
proteins
fats (lipids)
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA

9. The Major Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
large Macromolecules— very large molecules

10. Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
65% of your body is H2O
water is inorganic
doesn’t contain carbon
Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
organic molecules
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids

11. ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals
Food for building materials
to make more of us (cells)
for growth
for repair
Food to make energy
calories
to make ATP
ATP

12. Vocabulary woohoo! polymer—
a molecule made of many repeating smaller molecules
monomer—
each one of the repeating smaller molecules
Examples:
starch = polymer
glucose = monomer

13. Building large organic molecules
Small molecules = monomers (building block)
Bond them together = polymers

14. Macromolecules and basic units
Carbohydrate
Monosaccaride
Protein
Amino acid
Lipid
Fatty acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide

15. Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino
acid –
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

16. THE CARBOHYDRATES

17. ELEMENTS FOUND IN CARBOHYDRATES
CARBON (C)
HYDROGEN (H)
OXYGEN (O)

18. The carbohydrates include…1
Monosaccharides
one sugar molecule 2
Disaccharides
two sugar molecule
many
Polysaccharides
many sugar molecule
Saccharide means “sugar”

19. The Monosaccharides
One sugar molecules
Recognized by their carbon ring

20. These are monosaccharides
Check out their carbon rings
Glucose Galactose Fructose
C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O6
What makes these three molecules different from each other?
The arrangement of their atoms

21. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are called ISOMERS

22. Two monosaccharides bonded together
The Disaccharides
Two sugar molecule
Two monosaccharides bonded together
covalent bond holding them together
monosac monosac

23. Example of a Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides bonded together
Lactose—

24. These are disaccharides
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose not in most foods we eat. Least common of the three. Found in barley…used in brewing industry.

25. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called simple sugars
What do you notice about the names of all the simple sugars?
─OSE = SUGAR

26. The Polysaccharides
Many sugar molecules bonded together by covalent bonds
… etc.

27. These are polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
All made of repeating glucose molecules

28. Starch is a polysaccharide
Chain of glucose molecules
The form in which plants store food
So … starch is found only in plant products
Potatoes
Rice
Bread
Corn
Pasta
etc.

29. Glycogen is a polysaccharide
Chain of glucose molecules
The form in which
many animals,
including humans,
store food
In what organ do
humans store glycogen?
THE LIVER!

30. Cellulose is a polysaccharide
Chain of glucose
molecules
Found in cell walls
What kind of cells
have a cell wall
made of cellulose?
Plant
Cellulose is what we commonly call dietary fiber or roughage

31. Chitin is a polysaccharide
outside
Found in exoskeletons
The Theridion grallator, also known as the "happy face spider," has what looks like a smile or grinning clown face on its body. These spiders live in Hawaii.

32. Why do organisms need carbohydrates?
simple sugars
Immediate energy—
Are broken down during cellular respiration
STARCH AND GLYCOGEN
Stored energy—
Can be converted back into glucose when needed
CELLULOSE AND CHITIN
Structure and Support—
Gives shape and protection to plant cells
Protects soft tissues of some animals

33. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

34. Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy!
What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?
Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy
Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy
*We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead.
Ex. : corn
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

35. Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests
Simple Sugars:
Benedict’s solution
Blue solution turns orange/green/brown
Complex Carbs:
Lugol’s solution/Iodine
Turns from orange-red-brown to black-purple

36. Let’s Summarize Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin