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November 9, 2015 Dr. Jeffrey Musser http://www.ghananewsagency.org Bugs in your Blood: Malaria!
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Malaria’s Impact Worldwide Incidence 200 million clinical cases
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Malaria’s Impact Worldwide Incidence 200 million clinical cases 500,000 deaths each year 400,000 are children < 5 yrs. old 46 children per hour
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Malaria Where does malaria occur? What is malaria? What is the history of malaria? How people get malaria? What are the clinical signs? - what happens to infected people? - life cycle of malaria?
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Questions Malaria in Texas - how did it get here and why is it not here now?
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Misinformation on the Web
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Where does malaria occur? World Health Organization, January 2004 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn
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Population Map Worldmapper.org Land Area Map Territories are sized in proportion to the absolute number of people (i.e. population)
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Population Map Worldmapper.org Territories are sized in proportion to the absolute number of people who died from malaria in one year Malaria Deaths Map
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Worldmapper.org Land Area Map
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What is Malaria?
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Art.com
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What is Malaria? Art.com
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What is Malaria? Art.com
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What is Malaria? Art.com protozoan parasite, a single-celled organisms, that infects red blood cells Plasmodium sp.
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Early History Has infected man during known history Originated in Africa and followed human migration Malaria
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Where and when did Malaria first occur?
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AFRICA
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Where and when did Malaria first occur?
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Malaria 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Nei Ching 2700 BC Great cold, intense shivering, body convulsing Fever up to 106º, great thirst Massive headaches ~6 hours, fever breaks Cycles every 48 or 72 hrs., depending on malaria species
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Miasma theory poisonous air exhaled by decaying vegetable matter, especially by swamps
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Malaria lifecycle before 1876 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Miasma
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Charles Laveran Military physician stationed in Algeria in 1876
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Malaria in 1876 Algeria
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Malaria in 1876 Algeria
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What did he see? Plasmodium spp. protozoan parasite – single-celled organisms
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Malaria lifecycle
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Malaria in 1897 India
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Malaria in 1897 India
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Sir Ronald Ross India 1897 20 August 1897 Found the malaria protozoan in the stomach of an Anopheles mosquito…
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“… clear and almost perfectly circular outline … another, and another exactly similar cell. Here was the clue … the mosquito itself had become infected”
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The Anopheles mosquito was the vector An organism (such as an insect or rodent) that transmits a pathogen
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Malaria lifecycle
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Infected mosquito Mosquito gets infected
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Malaria lifecycle Infected mosquito Mosquito gets infected
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Malaria lifecycle & illness 3 Demons
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Malaria 3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches Nei Ching 2700 BC Great cold, intense shivering, body convulsing Fever up to 106º, great thirst Massive headaches ~6 hours, fever breaks Cycles every 48 or 72 hrs., depending on malaria species
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Malaria lifecycle & illness 3 Demons
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Malaria is species specific Humans Primates Birds Reptiles All Plasmodium but different species
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http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-malaria-parasite.html
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Malaria comes to the Americas
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No malaria prior to 1492
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Malaria comes to the Americas 1492 – European exploration
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Malaria in the U.S. circa 1850
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Malaria in the U.S. circa 1912
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Malaria in the U.S. circa 2015
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For Malaria to persist, need Vector – Anopheles mosquitoes Reservoir – where the mosquitoes get the parasite Host – the animal that gets infected
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir 2015
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir Increase resistance of host
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Is the vector in Texas? Mosquito is the vector YES!!!
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria Reduce contact with vector Reduce reservoir Infected person Infected mosquito Infected Mosquito gets infected by biting infected person - where the mosquitoes get the parasite
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Malaria in USA No endemic malaria
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Malaria in USA 1,500 to 2,000 cases report every year in United States Almost all in recent travelers
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Elimination and Prevention of Malaria 2015
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Just a touch of Malaria quinine from the Cinchona tree (South America, 17 th century) artemisinin from the Qinghaosu plant (Artemisia annua, China, 4th century) medical studies vaccines and other preventions treatments
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Just a touch of Malaria Role of malaria in war Evolution in response to malaria pressures
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Just a touch of Malaria Videos Manson and Ross: Death by mosquito by British Medical Journal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vImwkeIwnVI A Mutation Story by PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html
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Readings National Geographic July 2007
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Malaria information
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Remember, protect yourselfRemember,
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Remember, protect yourselfRemember,
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