1. Peter Coppenhall Eco-Sanitation and Tropical Food Production

2. Present Scenario Over 2.6 billion people live without access to improved sanitation. Nearly 900 million people are not receiving their drinking-water from improved water sources. Currently an esitmated 2.2 million children under five die yearly due to poor sanitation This is greater than the combined impact of HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. representing 15% of child deaths in developing countires!

3. UN Millennium Development Goal 7 Target 7.C ‘Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation’ Development aid has dropped! Diarrhoel Disease could be reduced by nearly 90% Present Scenario

4. Flush-and-forget concept. This wastes 20,000 litres of fresh drinking water per year. (per person) Too costly and complex Assumes waste is only suitable for disposal Developing countries cannot afford use these approaches Conventional Sanitation

5. Pit Latrine

6. Hanging Latrine

7. Another Approach is needed!

8. An alternative and more holistic approach. Uses human excreta as a resource and not just a waste! Prevents the degradation of soil fertility Improves food secutiry Helps avoid pollution and health risks Eco-sanitation

9. Eco-sanitation Cycle or theNutrient Loop

10. Treatment and Utilisations for separated streams of waste

11. A set of barriers to prevent the spread of pathogens

12. Ecological toilets Dehydration ToiletComposting Toilet

13. Urine-diversion toilets Faeces Urine

14. Dehydration (urine diversion) toilets Urine-diversion squatting pan from nepal Urine-diversion flush toilet from Germany

15. Composting Toilet Aborloo toilet from India

16. History Used in early chinese and European history Greek and roman societies Henry Moules scientifc experiment (1840s) Proves that human faeces helps food production Urine-diversion in Mexico (1980s)

17. Future EcoSanRes Programme International environment and development programme on eco-sanitation China and Africa Stories of successfully using human urine and dried faeces as fertilisers.

18. Case Studies India Over half the world’s open defecators Eco-sanitation has been incorporated in to their Total Sanitation Campaign Ghana Suffers to a great extent from soil nutrient depletion which results in low crop productivity. Re-use of human excreta and effluents for crop production purposes could combine the dual benefit of nutrient and water conservation

19. Conclusion Insufficient access to sanitation to fulfil the millenium development goal 7 target 7.C. Eco-sanitation has hepled sanitation pick up speed over the last few years! Improving soil conditions and acting as an organic fertiliser, which is improving crop production and improving food security

20. Conclusion Excreta is a resource and not just a waste! Closing the loop on sanitation, helping recover vital nutrients and save drinking-water.

21. Any Questions?