2. Like people, verbs can be Harry tosses the ball. active or passive Phil has been hit by a snowball. Jim is confused by the question. Jill fell in the mud.

3. Voice is the form a verb takes to show whether the subject of the verb... performs the action or receives the action The meal is prepared by Chef Tanaka. Subject Verb Subject Verb Chef Tanaka prepares the meal.

4. When the subject of a verb performs the action, the verb is in the active voice. The tornado damaged many homes in the area. The subject tornado performs the action of damaging. Subject Active-voice verb

5. Carol has adopted the puppy. A transitive verb in the active voice has a direct object, which tells who or what receives the action.transitive verbdirect object Carol has adopted the puppy. Verb Direct object The subject Carol performs the action. The direct object puppy receives the action.

6. A transitive verb has an object—a word that tells who or what received the action. An intransitive verb does not have an object. Everyone cheered the football team during the championship game. Object Transitive verb The gorilla roared. Intransitive verb The object team receives the action of cheered.

7. A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. Dan measured the board carefully. board measured what? board Direct object Verb

8. When the subject of a verb receives the action, the verb is in the passive voice. Many homes in the area were damaged by the tornado. The subject homes receives the action of being damaged. Subject Passive-voice verb

9. Passive voice constructions include form of be+past participle werereturned Other helping verbs may also be included. form of be+past participle havereturned helping verb+ been

10. Passive voice constructions include a form of be, the past participle of the verb, and sometimes other helping verbs.form of be Form of be Past participle The paintings were returned to the museum. Form of be Past participle The paintings have been returned to the museum. Helping verb

11. The following forms of be can be used to create the passive voice. Forms of Be amareiswas werebebeenbeing

12. The puppy has been adopted. A verb in the passive voice does not have a direct object. The puppy has been adopted. Subject The subject puppy receives the action. Passive-voice verb

13. Sometimes a verb in the passive voice is followed by a prepositional phrase that begins with by and tells who or what performs the action. His watch was repaired. The prepositional phrase tells you that a jeweler performed the action of repairing. by a jeweler. Prepositional phrase Passive-voice verb

14. Sometimes, a passive sentence does not indicate the performer of the action. The Hoover Dam was built in the 1930s. The performer of the action is not given. Passive-voice verb

15. When a sentence in the active voice has both an indirect object and a direct object... Ms. Cook gave each student a folder. either object can become the subject when the sentence is put in the passive voice. Indirect object Active-voice verb Direct object Each student was given a folder (by Ms. Cook). Subject Passive-voice verb A folder was given to each student (by Ms. Cook). Subject Passive-voice verb

16. When an active sentence with both a direct and an indirect object is put in the passive voice, the object that does not become the subject serves as the retained object. Ms. Cook gave each student a folder. Indirect object Direct object Active voice Each student was given a folder. Subject Retained object Passive voice

17.  A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verbsubjectverb  Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense  Independent clauses are sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses  Dependent: A clause that cannot stand by itself. (frament) Clause

18.  The internet on the TV keeps stopping.  The two best shows on TV are NCIS and NCIS LA.  While she went home  Even though she knows the truth IndependentDependent

19.  By a comma and little conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so). conjunction  By a semicolon, by itselfsemicolon  By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.). conjunctive adverb  She was tired, yet she decided to go swimming with her friends  Ethan likes milk; Emily likes water.  Dayana wants to get married on Saturday; therefore, I am planning her wedding.

20.  ADVERB CLAUSES tend to tell us something about the sentence’s main verb: when, why, under what conditions.  Every adverb clause begins with a subordinate conjunction.  Adverb clauses must have a subject and a verb.  If the sentence begins with an adverb clause, use a comma after it.  Some examples of subordinate conjunctions would be when, since, before, although, until…  Adverb clauses modify the main verb in the sentence, adjectives and other adverbs.  EX: After Jubal Early invaded the outskirts of Washington, Congressional leaders took the southern threat more seriously

21.  The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity.  Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the World Wide Web, could never have foreseen the popularity of his invention

22.  One way to define a phrase is to say it is a group of words that “belong together” in terms of meaning but do not have both a subject and a verb.  Phrase = a group of words that acts like one word EX: the gym at the end of the street  It acts like a noun  The gym at the end of the street is new.

23. Prepositional phrase with a preposition as head (e.g. in love, over the rainbow) Prepositional phrasepreposition Noun phrase with a noun as head Noun phrasenoun  (e.g. the black cat, a cat on the mat) Verb phrase with a verb as head (e.g. eat cheese, jump up and down) Verb phraseverb Adjectival phrase with an adjective as head (e.g. full of toys)adjective

24.  Usually (but not always), an absolute phrase is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers.  Absolute phrases do not directly connect to or modify any specific word in the rest of the sentence; instead, they modify the entire sentence, adding information. They are always treated as parenthetical elements and are set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes).  Absolute phrases contain a subject (which is often modified by a participle), but not a true verb.

25. The absolute phrase may appear at the end of a sentence: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack, breaths gathering in the frosty air. The absolute phrase may also appear at the beginning of the sentence: Breaths gathering in the frosty air, the hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack. And occasionally an absolute phrase is positioned between the subject and verb: * The hunters, breaths gathering in the frosty air, rested for a moment in front of the shack

26. Noun Rats peered from garbage cans. Article + Noun The rats peered from garbage cans. Adjective. + Noun Greedy rats peered from garbage cans. Pronoun They peered from garbage cans. Adverb Cautiously, rats peered from garbage cans. Absolute Phrases Eyes wide, ears twitching, rats peered from garbage cans Participle Phrases Munching on stale cheese, rats peered from garbage cans. Prepositional Phrases Beneath the glow of a full moon, rats peered from garbage cans. Infinitive Phrases To watch for prowling cats, rats peered from garbage cans. Adverbial Clause As the half moon arose in the dingy sky like a hunk of rancid cheese, rats peered from garbage cans. Implied Adjective Clause Suspicious of their surroundings, rats peered from garbage cans.