1. ICT1412 - Introduction to Programming Chapter 4 – Control Structures I

2. Prepared by K.T. Ng2 Control Structures Three methods of processing a program: 1.In sequence statements are executed one after another in order 2.Branching altering the flow of program execution by making a selection or choice 3.Looping altering the flow of program execution by repetition of statement(s)

3. Prepared by K.T. Ng3 Flow of Execution

4. Prepared by K.T. Ng4 Examples of Conditionals Note: the following are not actual Java statements 1) if (score is greater than or equal to 90) grade is A 2) if (hours worked are less than or equal to 40) wages = rate * hours otherwise wages = (rate * 40) + 1.5 * (rate * (hours - 40)) 3) if (temperature is greater than 21 degrees and it is not raining) recommended activity is fishing

5. Prepared by K.T. Ng5 Relational Operators Relational Operator allows you to make comparisons in a program binary operator needs two operands Condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression expression that has a value of either true or false

6. Prepared by K.T. Ng6 Relational Operators (Cont.) Less than < Greater than > Equal to == Note: not assignment ‘ = ‘ Not equal to != Less than or equal to <= Greater than or equal to >=

7. Prepared by K.T. Ng7 Comparing Characters In Java, characters are ordered according to the Unicode / ASCII character set ‘a’ comes before ‘b’ in the character set, so we can say ‘a’ < ‘b’ Order space character (' ') digits (‘0’, ‘1’, …) uppercase lowercase Application: sort alphabetically

8. Prepared by K.T. Ng8 Comparing Characters (Cont.) 'a' > 'A' '6' < 7 ' ' <= 's' 97 > 65 true 54 < 7 false 32 <= 115 true

9. Prepared by K.T. Ng9 Comparing Floating-Point Be careful when using the equality (==) to compare floating point numbers Every bit in the representation must be equal computer can only store a certain number of digits after the decimal If the numbers are results of computation, it’s unlikely that two floating point numbers will be exactly equal

10. Prepared by K.T. Ng10 Comparing Floating-Point (Cont.) 3.0 / 7.0 2.0 / 7.0 (3.0 / 7.0) + (2.0 / 7.0) + (2.0 / 7.0) == 1 0.4285714285714285 false 0.2857142857142857 If we did this math with exact arithmetic, this expression would be true 0.9999999999999999

11. Prepared by K.T. Ng11 Comparing Strings Strings are compared on a character-by- character basis first character not in common determines how the strings compare e.g. : "Airplane" is less than "Airport" If two strings have different lengths, and one is a substring of the other, the shorter one is evaluated as less e.g. : "Air" is less than "Airplane"

12. Prepared by K.T. Ng12 Comparing Strings (Cont.) Don't use relational operators (==, ) for Strings str1.compareTo (str2) Returns an integer value: < 0 if str1 < str2 0 if str1 = str2 >0 if str1 > str2 str1.equals (str2) Returns a boolean value of true or false method parameter

13. Prepared by K.T. Ng13 Questions Given String str = "Homer"; str.compareTo("Marge") str.equals("homer") str.compareTo("Bart") negative value false positive value

14. Prepared by K.T. Ng14 Boolean Expressions Named for George Boole (1815-1864), the founder of symbolic logic A boolean expression is an expression that can be evaluated to either true or false Remember that booleans in Java are true false Examples of boolean expressions: 2+2 is not equal to 5 a is equal to 0 10 is less than 5

15. Prepared by K.T. Ng15 Boolean Operators NOT!(unary) !(2+2==5) AND&&(binary) (2+2==5) && (1+1==2) OR||(binary) (2+2==5) || (1+1==2) true false true

16. Prepared by K.T. Ng16 NOT Operator

17. Prepared by K.T. Ng17 AND and OR Operators

18. Prepared by K.T. Ng18 Boolean Expressions Examples Simple: 2+2 is not equal to 52+2 != 5 10 is less than 510 < 5 'A' is equal to 7'A' == 7 Compound: a is equal to 3 and b is equal to 5 (a==3) && (b==5) x is not equal to 2 or y is less than 4 (x!=2) || (y<4) s is not equal to b and t is greater than or equal to 3 or t is less than 0 (s!=b) && (t>=3) || (t<0)

19. Prepared by K.T. Ng19 Short Circuited Operators The processing of logical AND ( && ) and logical OR ( || ) is “short-circuited” A process in which the computer evaluates a logical expression from left to right and stops as soon as the value of the expression is known, the remaining right operand is not evaluated count != 0 && total/count > MAX

20. Prepared by K.T. Ng20 Precedence of Operators

21. Prepared by K.T. Ng21 Boolean Expressions Common Error Logical expression that evaluates to true if the value of num is between 0 and 10 0 <= num <= 10 0 <= num && num <= 10 incorrect syntax correct syntax

22. Prepared by K.T. Ng22 Questions 1.What type of primitive variable can the result of a logical expression be stored in? 2.Under what conditions would the expression (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') evaluate to false? 3.What method do you use to compare two Strings? 4.Why is 'a' greater than 'A'? boolean ch 'Z' compareTo Because 'a' comes after 'A' in the ASCII (or Unicode) character table

23. Prepared by K.T. Ng23 Questions (Cont.) Given the following declarations, evaluate each Boolean expression: int count = 0, sum = 54; double x = 4.3, y = 1.2; boolean wrong = true; 1.(wrong && sum > 60) 2.((x > 5) || !(sum == 55)) 3.!((y > 1.0) && (x < 4)) 4.((count != 4) || (sum > 100) && wrong) false true (false || !(false)) !(true && false) (true || false && true) (true && false) (true || false)

24. Prepared by K.T. Ng24 Conditional Statements Let us choose which statement will be executed next also called selection statements Java's conditional statements: the if statement the if-else statement the switch statement (next chapter)

25. Prepared by K.T. Ng25 One-Way Selection Syntax: if (expression) statement

26. Prepared by K.T. Ng26 The if Statement if ( condition ) statement; if is a Java reserved word The condition must be a boolean expression. It must evaluate to either true or false. If the condition is true, the statement is executed. If it is false, the statement is skipped.

27. Prepared by K.T. Ng27 The if Statement if (sum > MAX) delta = sum - MAX; System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum); First, the condition is evaluated. The value of sum is either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not. If the condition is true, the assignment statement is executed. If it is not, the assignment statement is skipped. Either way, the call to println is executed next.

28. Prepared by K.T. Ng28 Block Statements Syntax: { statement1 statement2. statementn } We use curly braces to group a set of individual statements. This way we can have multiple statements execute based on a decision. If we don't use curly braces, only a single statement will be executed based on the result of a decision.

29. Prepared by K.T. Ng29 The if Statement if (sum > MAX) delta = sum - MAX; System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum); A if (sum > MAX) { delta = sum - MAX; } System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum); B if (sum > MAX) { delta = sum - MAX; System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum); } C

30. Prepared by K.T. Ng30 Curly Braces int num = 87, max = 25; if (num >= max*2) { System.out.println ("apple"); } System.out.println ("orange"); System.out.println ("pear"); int num = 87, max = 25; if (num >= max*2) System.out.println ("apple"); System.out.println ("orange"); System.out.println ("pear");

31. Prepared by K.T. Ng31 Watch out! if (score >= 90); grade = "A"; No matter the result of the condition, grade will be assigned "A". The semicolon after the if statement is a semantic error.

32. Prepared by K.T. Ng32 Two-Way Selection

33. Prepared by K.T. Ng33 The if-else Statement if ( condition ) statement1; else statement2; If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the condition is false, statement2 is executed One or the other will be executed, but not both

34. Prepared by K.T. Ng34 The if-else Statement (example) if (height <= MAX) { adjustment = 0; } else { adjustment = MAX-height; }

35. Prepared by K.T. Ng35 Conditional (? :) Operator Ternary operator Syntax expression1 ? expression2 : expression3 If expression1 = true, then the result of the condition is expression 2 otherwise, the result of the condition is expression3 e.g. max = (a >= b)? a : b; is equivalent to if (a >= b) max = a; else max = b;