1. Brown versus Board of Education, 1954 Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Unanimously rules that “separate facilities are inherently unequal” and therefore in violation of the 14 th amendment

2. The Baby Boom... 20 percent increase in marriage rate between 1945 and 1948 Average marriage age drops to 20 for women and 22 for men Huge birth rate increase in late 1940s and early 1950s

3. “This crusade has to be for more than a hamburger.” -- Ella Baker of the SCLC Civil Rights Organizations in the early 1960s National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

4. King’s civil rights strategy black and white protestors bare their throats in the South whites respond with vicious violence media rushes to the scene northern public opinion explodes the president is forced to bring in federal protection

5. the civil rights act of 1964 If you take federal money, your institution is defined by law as a public institution Thus it must obey the 14 th amendment...... “equal protection under the laws”... Congress established an Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (EEOC) in 1965 to further the act but it did not ban discrimination in state and local elections...

6. Born Malcolm Little, 1925 Converted to the Nation of Islam (NOI) in 1950s Minister of Mosque #7 in Harlem Left the NOI just before his assassination in 1965

7. Sixties era demographics Before World War II: no public universities with more than 15,000 students 1970: 50 colleges with more than 15,000 students 1970: eight campus with 30,000 students 1970: number of college age Americans soars to 25 million 1973: ten million college students

8. Opposed federal programs for the poor Opposed federal desegregation Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater

9. Young Americans for Freedom Student organization founded in 1960 1965: 250 college chapters and 20,000 members Sponsored by John Wayne and Ronald Reagan

10. Article 1, Section 8, paragraph 11 of the United States Constitution “Congress shall have the Power... To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water.”

11. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution August 7, 1964 Section 2.... the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom.

12. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Abolished literacy tests Abolished poll taxes Placed federal monitors in states with a history of discrimination By 1967, half of African- Americans in the south had registered to vote Police attack protestors in Selma to Montgomery march, 1965

13. 34 people killed in the riot 1,000 injured 107,000 participants 16,000 police and National Guardsmen intervene Race Riot in Watts, California Martin Luther King Jr. in Los Angeles, 1965

14. the Vietnam era 1965: 375,000 men and women in Vietnam 1968: U.S. involvement peaks at 543,000 only 11 percent of the country opposed the war in 1965

15. Vietnam war statistics 9 million men and women served in active duty during the Vietnam war era over 7,000 women served in Vietnam 58,000 U.S. military personnel died, 47,000 of those in combat Another 75,000 “severely disabled” 2,338 Missing in Action 766 Prisoners of War

16. Total Vietnamese killed in their post- World War II war for independence: 3,800,000 Vietnamese killed One out of ten Vietnamese This includes all wars with France, Cambodia, the United States, China and Japan... and all political murders committed by Ho Chi Minh, Diem, and other political leaders Vietnamese killed in the U.S./Vietnam War: 1,719,000 Source: R.J. Rummel, “Statistics of Vietnamese Democide,” http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM

17. The Great Society Programs, 1965-1967 Project Head Start: federal money for poor schools Medicare Act: health insurance for the elderly Medicaid: federal aid to pay for medical expenses of the poor The Omnibus Housing Act: rent subsidies for the poor Public Broadcasting: Federal aid for non- commercial radio and television

18. Napalm gasoline, napthenic acid and palm oil burns the flesh off of its victims sucks oxygen from the area and suffocates people

19. 1967: support for the war begins to wane 71 percent of U.S. public support the war August it drops to 61 percent October it slips to 58 percent

20. The Fair Housing Act, 1968 Federal law prohibits discrimination because of... Race or color National origin Religion Sex (gender) Familial status (including children under the age of 18 living with parents or legal custodians, pregant women) Disability

21. The Presidential Election of 1968 Richard Nixon, 43.42% (301 electoral votes) Hubert Humphrey, 42.72% (191) George Wallace, 8.55% (46) Richard Nixon

22. Women enter the workforce, 1950-1980 (numbers on right in thousands)

23. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer - (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin...”

24. The Patriarchy State Newspaper jobs divided into male and female Government manuals used “he” and “she” to describe managers and secretaries Women could not establish businesses without a male consigner Quotas for women in professional schools Higher university admission standards for women Laws permitting husbands to beat their wives Employers could fire women for weighing too much

25. 1967-1979: insurgent Second Wave Feminism Legal actions sex discrimination against women on the job Lawsuits against separate want ads for women and men EEOC suits against discrimination in wages and promotions Actions against separate standards for women and men in university admissions