1. Our Sun & Nuclear Fusion (Chapter 7)

2. Student Learning Objectives Compare properties of the Earth and Sun Describe the layers of the Sun and how energy is transported through each layer Analyze sunspots and solar activity.

4. What do we know about the Sun? 4 x 10 26 Watts 100 times hotter than Earth’s hottest summer day 300,000 times more mass than Earth 109 Earth diameters 1,300,000 Earth volumes SunEarth Surface Temperature9,944 °F57.2 °F Mass1.988 x 10 30 kg5.976 x 10 24 kg Diameter1,392,000 km12,756 km Density1.5 g/cm 3 5.5 g/cm 3

5. Practice The Sun is a low mass star. How does this star compare and contrast with our Earth?

6. Energy Transfer  Energy is transported from hot to cold, through the layers of a star, by two methods.  Radiation (light)  Convection (boiling)

7. What are the layers of the Sun?  The Sun has 6 distinctive layers.

8. The Layers 1.Core: energy production 2.Radiative Zone: photons 3.Convective Zone: boiling fluid 4.Photosphere: photons leave star  “Surface” of the Sun. Why?  Limb Darkening  Granulation o bubbles size of Texas o last 10-20 minutes

10. 5.Chromosphere: thin jets of gas called spicules  Transition Zone  Temperature spikes 6.Corona: solar wind  protons, electrons, & other small particles

11. Corona

12.  Density and temperature change in the layers.

13. Practice 1) Why does the corona escape the Sun? 2) How do astronomers know the layers of the Sun? Hint: How do we know about the interior of the Earth?

14. What mechanism is responsible for sunspots?  A sunspot is a relatively cooler area on the surface of the Sun.  T = 4,240 Kelvin (8,155 ○ F)  Change in size  Last days or months  Appear in pairs and groups

15. Image Credit: APOD

16.  Sunspots form where energy is disrupted by magnetic fields.  Differential rotations cause "kinks" in the magnetic field lines. Babcock Model

17. Practice 1)A 60 Watt light bulb is 250 ○ F. Would an 8,155 ○ F sunspot be bright if it was isolated from the surrounding photosphere? 2)Challenge: How would the energies compare for the 60 Watt Light Bulb and a sunspot? E =  T 4

18.  Different levels in the Sun rotate with different speeds and the surface rotates at different speeds. Equator = 25 days Poles = 27.8 days  The sunspot cycle peaks every 11 years. Full Cycle = 22 years http://spaceweather.com/

19. Maunder Minimum  There is an unexplained absence of solar activity recorded.

20.  The Zeeman Effect shows strength of magnetic field.  Atom in magnetic field  Atomic energy levels are split into sublevels  Degree of splitting shows strength

21. What are the features that indicate solar activity?  All activity observed on the surface of the Sun, and in the solar atmosphere, is caused by the Sun’s magnetic field. Prominence

22. FilamentFlare

23. Practice Does solar activity affect us on Earth?

24. (2014)

25. How do stars produce photons?  The definition of a star is an object that has a core density great enough to sustain nuclear fusion. Proton–Proton Chain 4 H  He + energy

27. 1 Second in Our Sun About 10 38 reactions take place 600 billion kg of hydrogen is converted into helium 4 billion kg of mass becomes energy

28. Practice Our star will last another 5-6 billion years. How is this possible with so much mass loss each second?