1. The Enlightenment

2. Montesquieu French nobility, classical education & studied law
Persian Letters - attack on French institutions mainly Catholic Church and Monarchy
“History is full of religious wars; but, we must take care to observe, it was not the multiplicity of religions that produced these wars, it was the intolerating spirit which animated that one which thought she had the power of governing.”
― Montesquieu, The Persian Letters
Spirit of Laws - most famous work
Separation of Powers- based on England’s system

3. middle class family in Paris, classical education, studied law
forced to flee France - lived in England 2 yrs
Philosophic Letters on the English - praised freedom of press, political freedom and religious toleration
Treatise on Toleration - argued for religious toleration
championed deism - God no direct involvement in world
Voltaire

4. Voltaire Quotes
“the holy roman empire was neither holy nor Roman nor an empire”
“I may not agree with what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”
“Crush the infamous thing”
Also wrote Candide – satire attacking war, religious intolerance, etc.

5. Diderot son of craftsman France, became freelance writer
early in career attacked the intolerance of Christianity
wikipedia...more like Dideropedia
greatest work was editing 1st Encyclopedia
made available the ideas of Sci Rev and Enlightenment

6. David Hume Scottish philosopher
Treatise on Human Nature- bundle theory
built on Locke - human mind is a bundle of impressions
ideas reflect experiences - reason can’t answer questions that are not verified by senses
“Science of man” or social sciences - how humans interact

7. Adam Smith Physiocrat (economist) credited for modern economics
Wealth of Nations - laissez-faire economics - rejected mercantilist approach – “Invisible Hand”
free trade - do away w/ tariffs that protect domestic ind.
nations wealth based on labor
also known as 19th c economic liberalism

8. Rousseau Born in Geneva, spent youth wandering France & Italy
The Social Contract - “General Will”
liberty achieved by doing what is best for all people
participatory democracy
Emile - on education
“Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author; everything degenerates in the hands of man” – education allows man to survive a corrupt society

9. “Woman’s Question”
Read the handout. How do Rousseau and Wollstonecraft differ on the role of women?

10. “Woman’s Question”
Where did women fit in the Enlightenment and the discussion of rights? - mixed results
Many male thinkers reinforce female inferiority based on “natural” biological differences
Rousseau
Others promoted women to be no different than man
Diderot, Voltaire - “women capable of all that man are”
As hostesses of salons - women play important role

11. Wollstonecraft English writer founder of modern European feminism
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
contradiction of arbitrary power of men over women same as arbitrary power of monarchs over subjects
If reason is innate in all human beings why are women not entitled to same “natural rights”?

12. The Issue of Race
How was the Enlightenment used to justify racist attitudes?

13. Culture & Society
Rococo - lavish, power, majesty w/ emphasis on pastel colors
associated with aristocracies of Old Regime
Originated in 18th c. France
Imperial Hall - Balthasar Neumann
Return from Cythera - Antoine Watteau

14. Oath of the Haratii - Jacques-Louis David
Culture & Society
Neoclassical - return to the ancient world - built on Renaissance developments of Greek and Rome
Republican values which criticized Old Regime
Scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice
Oath of the Haratii - Jacques-Louis David

15. Music composed of melody, grace and emotion
Development of Music
New musical period - classical era ( )
new instrument - piano
Mozart - child prodigy -first opera at 12
Music composed of melody, grace and emotion

16. Crime & Punishment Beccaria - Italian philosophe
On Crimes and Punishments
Punishments should be effective and just
Attacked torture and capital punishment

17. High vs Pop Culture
High Culture - learned folks w/ fancy books and such
Universities - still taught concepts based on Greek/Latin
Pop Culture - peeons with their oral jargon
chapbooks - helped literacy rates increase
28%-85% from , women remained 15%
Across the board increase in drinking at both levels
Carnivals and Taverns

18. Religion & Enlight.
As scientific beliefs and reason gained support, Europe became more secularized
Catholic Church removed from international affairs
Toleration for religious minorities in some Catholic countries
Joseph II of Austria - Toleration Patent
Jews remained deprived of rights
Pietism - deeper devotion to God - Wesley Methodism