1. GENETICS Heredity – how traits are passed from parents to offspring

5. GREGOR MENDEL (1822- 1884) -Father of Genetics -Austrian Monk from 1822- 1884 -Job was to take care of the garden- Worked with pea plants ( lots of pea soup) -Noticed that traits were passed from parent peas to their offspring -Before him people believed in the blending hypothesis

6. Why are pea plants good to study? - Reproduce quickly, easy traits to view, many offspring - Pea plants have DNA just like we do

9. Self Fertilization Offspring= Purebred Sperm and egg from the same plant produce offspring

10. Cross Fertilization Offspring = Hybrid process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant,  heterozygous

11. CROSS POLLINATION

14. HYBRID COCKAPOO COCKER SPANIEL + POODLE

15. HYBRID PUG + BEAGLE PUGGLE

16. HYBRID DOG AND WOLF DOG AND WOLF

17. male lion and a female tiger Liger

18. Peas!

19. GENETIC TERMINOLOGY DominantDominant RecessiveRecessive HomozygousHomozygous HeterozygousHeterozygous GenotypeGenotype PhenotypePhenotype TraitTrait AlleleAllele

20. Dominant allele- trait is always expressed if present - Written as capital letter - Ex. Tall= T Recessive allele- only expressed if no dominant allele is present (Dominant allele masks this one) - For a particular trait written as the same letter but lower case - Ex. Short= t Dominant and Recessive Alleles

21. Homozygous - the same alleles for a gene –TT, tt Heterozygous - having different alleles for a gene –Tt

22. Genotype- the genes you get from your parents –Two letters represent the two alleles –One from mom one from dad – TT, Tt, tt Phenotype- the physical trait, what you look like –Tall short, yellow or green –TT, tt what is the phenotype?

23. Trait = Characteristic Ex: Height TALL SHORT  alleles 

25. Flower Color Trait Gene- unit of inherited information in DNA Allele- alternative form of a gene (white purple)

26. Reginald Punnett Introduction to Monohybrid Crosses Punnett Square- chart to predict offspring Monohybrid- looks ONE trait Ex: Looking at just plant color, or just height, or just seed color

28. In Starfish being red is dominant over being pink. What would Patrick ’ s phenotype be? What would his genotype be? What would Patrick ’ s phenotype be? What would his genotype be?

29. PINK Because Patrick is pink… his phenotype is PINK rr And since pink is recessive – his genotype would be “ rr ”

30. Red pink Red is dominant over pink red Suppose we had a HETEROZYGOUS red starfish what would the genotype be?

31. Rr

32. Let’s do some… MONOHYBRID CROSSES! Monohybrid means we are only using ONE TRAIT

33. STEP by STEP 1.Select a “good” letter to use 2.Write down your “givens” 3.Determine parents and record 4.Set up Punnett Square 5.Determine genotypes & phenotypes of offspring (use percentages or fractions) (use percentages or fractions)

34. In pea plants, Tall is dominant to short Cross a Heterozygous Tall plant with a Homozygous Tall plant

35. Tt x TT Geno = 50% T T 50% T t Pheno = 100% Tall A A A TtTt T T t

36. In sponges, being blue is dominant over being yellow. Cross a heterozygous blue sponge with a yellow one.

37. Heterozygous Blue = Bb Recessive Yellow = bb so we cross… Bb x bb

38. Time for some Monohybrid Crosses on your own! Time for some LOONEY Monohybrid Crosses on your own!

39. MENDELS LAWS 1. Dominance & Recessiveness 2.Segregation 3. Independent Assortment

40. 1. Dominance & Recessiveness one gene( dominant) can mask the other ( recessive)

41. 2. Segregation genes are separated or segregated during the formation of sex cells. Only one gene from one parent.

42. 3. Independent Assortment genes for traits separate independent of each other In dihybrid crosses, gives you several possibilities –Ex: In Nemo- short fin can be inherited with a red body or an orange body- separate chromosomes

43. Independent Assortment

44. T TTEST EST CCRROOSSSSTTEST EST CCRROOSSSSCROSS

45. Test Cross- mate an unknown genotype ( TT or Tt) with homozygous recessive (tt)

46. PEDIGREE male female