2. Hist12797 Architectural History Ancient Rome The Authority of Competence “The Shaping of Space was the essence of Roman Architecture” Leland Roth, Understanding Architecture “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum” http://www.tcm.com/mediaroom/index.jsp?cid=9056 Discover Ancient Rome in Google Earth http://earth.google.com/rome

3. Founding of Rome Cities in north and central Italy were settled by various tribes including the Etruscans, who gave the Romans their engineering ability and their religious practices In 753 BC, Rome was founded by Romulus, who was one of 7 kings. In 509, the Republic was declared in the names of the people and the senate “SPQR” Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 2

4. The Hills of Rome Rome was a small city on the Tiber River which flooded often. Various tribes claimed the hills until a way was found to drain the swamps between them. Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 3 Roman engineering built defensive walls, bridges, sewers and roads so that the city could grow regionally. Aqueducts brought water from the Appenine Mountains

5. Timeline – Rome Three stages Rule of the early kings The Republic The Empire Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 4 100 BC-350 AD

6. 5 The Romans 1 Inherently pragmatic and realistic (unlike the speculative and idealistic Greeks), the Romans produced an abundance of engineers and builders They had sharp logical minds that excelled in making laws, engineering feats and administering territories (after they conquered them, usually by war) Chapter 8+9 Architectural History

7. 6 The Good Roman They practiced a rigid morality, served the state, had unimpeachable honor, and strived for a physical and spiritual asceticism. Chapter 8+9 Architectural History

8. 7 The Good Roman A driving compulsion to spread the benefits of Roman law and republican governance to the rest of the world and spreading Romanitas = the sum of Roman values and culture Chapter 8+9 Architectural History

9. 8 The Romans They had a sense of ingrained discipline, - “gravitas” - patriotic responsibility and serious purpose A sense of the importance of matters at hand, a propensity for austerity, conservatism and a deep respect for tradition Endeavored to achieve universality and a clearly perceivable order in all of life Chapter 8+9 Architectural History Senatus PopulusQue Romanus "The Senate and the People of Rome"

10. 9 Roman Religion Religion was centered in the home, the domus. Originally animistic – trees, rocks, water and the fire of the hearth, they adopted the Etruscan pantheon of Greek-like gods Developed detailed rituals in worship carried out by priests who had little contact with the public Ordinary Romans made offerings to the numina, the spirits of the home shrines

11. Roman Architecture They borrowed many of the external trappings of Greek architecture but theirs was an architecture of space, enclosed internal space and outdoor space, on a grand scale Much of the best Roman architecture was built during the reigns of Augustus, the Flavians, and the Five Good Emperors The city is the basic constituent element Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 10

12. Imperial Forum like a Greek Stoa Not sited in response to the natural environment but as a planned space enclosed by architecture Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 11 Fig 112

13. Forum Romanum A colonnaded stoa along both sides of a great rectangular square, closing the vista with a Temple to Mars: a series of geometric shapes with contrived views and vistas Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 12

14. Roman Engineering A network of roads that spanned the empire and a water supply/aqueducts and drainage for the cities Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 13 Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain

15. Pont du Gard Aqueduct, Nimes, France 14 AD 1.8m x 1.2m Water conduit @ gradient 0.4% Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 14 Roadway

16. Roman Engineering Aqueducts supplied running water to homes, public lavatories and baths with hot and cold pools Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 15 Latrines in the Baths of Ephesus Fig113 Public Lavatories in Dougga, Tunisia 3 rd century AD

17. Baths of Caracalla Rome 212–216 AD Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 16

18. 17 Baths of Caracalla Frigidarium

19. Roman Theatre, Orange, France Unusual, in that it is built into the hillside like a Greek theatre Romans wanted more than just drama; they needed a new form for their circuses and amphitheatres Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 18

20. Flavian Amphitheatre: Colosseum Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 19

21. Flavian Amphitheatre Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 20

22. Colosseum: 280 arches on three levels Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 21 Greek orders on the facade: Doric on the Ground floor Ionic on the Second floor Corinthian on the Third floor and on the top storey pilasters

23. Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 22 Colosseum Sectional Views

24. Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 23

25. Roman Colosseum construction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EO1NQy4oyJs Shea Stadium, New York Colosseum, Rome Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 24

26. Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek Bigger than the Parthenon Composite Order: Corinthian and Ionic Engaged Columns Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 25

27. Arch of Constantine Rome - Erected to commemorate victories - Often site at the entrance to a forum - structure not based on columns so could use forms decoratively Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 26 Roman crane

28. Arch of Constantine Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 27

29. El-Deir (Monastery) Temple, Petra Jordan A most attractive architectural whimsy: a miniature round temple between the sides of two broken pediments Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 28

30. Building an Arch The Romans had no inhibitions about putting other’s knowledge to work... to improving everyday life From arch to vault to groin vault to dome 29

31. Roman use of “Caementum” Pozzolana – best substance for concrete-making from red volcanic soil near Naples Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 30

32. 31 The Pantheon: Plan and Aerial View pan = All theism = religions

33. The Pantheon by Emperor Hadrian Temple to all gods - built 120 – 124 AD - 143 ft / 43.5 m diameter dome Walls 23 ft / 7 m Varying weight Concrete Coffered ceilings Bronze doors 32

34. 33 Pantheon: Portico Reconstruction Classic Greek temple pediment

35. 34 The Pantheon

36. 35 Insulae (Apartment Blocks) & Offices in Ostia [Rome’s harbour City]

37. Insulae 3-4 storeys Shop fronts Collapsed easily Subject to fire Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 36

38. 37 Pompeii Networks of streets forming irregular rectangles, becoming more regular as the cities expanded   forum 

39. 38 Street Views Pompeii

40. 39 Street View & Residential District Overview Pompeii,

41. 40 House of Pansa, Pompeii Plan and Section

42. 41 House of Vetti, Pompeii Plan, Garden View and Interior

43. Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy Opulent apartments + gardens Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 42

44. Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy Seven miles of gardens, pavilions, palaces, baths, theatres and temples Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 43

45. 44 Diocletian’s Palace Split, Yugoslavia

46. Basilica Maxentius, 306-325 AD Chapter 8+9 Architectural History 45

47. 46 Ruins Reconstruction Basilica of Maxentius

48. 47 Basilica Ulpia: Plan

49. 48 Basilica Ulpia

50. 49 In Conclusion: Roman Architecture Roman buildings addressed the problems of the present, not the mysteries of the hereafter. They were visually and intellectually comprehensible, composed of parts that had recognizable proportional relationships and clear connections. They combined the elegance of detail and refinement of form of Greece with the pragmatic functionalism, civic scale and sense of power of Rome.