1. The collective protection of human rights

2. R2P- sovereignty AND intervention International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) Report in 2001 Sovereignty means responsibility If states fail, the responsibility passes to the community of states UN World Summit Outome Document (2005) – «Responsibility to Protect Populations from Genocide, War Crimes, Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity»

3. R2P When? national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their population Who? The international community, through the United Nations How? collective action, timely and decisive, through the Security Council,… on a case-by- case basis.

4. Genocide The Genocide Convention (1948) of the UN define genocide as: any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

5. Crimes against Humanity murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds

6. Ethnic cleansing ‘purifying’ an area ethnically by using force or intimidation to remove targeted persons or a given group from the area.

7. War Crimes Breaches of the Geneva Conventions including but not limited to Directing attacks against civilians Directing attacks against humanitarian workers or UN peacekeepers Settlement of occupied territory Using civilians as shields

8. Refugees’ Human Rights

9. Whose rights? UDHR Article 14: “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution” According to 1951 UN Convention relating to the status of refugees: A Refugee is someone: owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of – race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and cannot or will not return there because there is a fear of persecution

10. What rights? Refugee rights include: protection from being forcibly returned to a country where they would be at risk of persecution (non-refoulement). protection from discrimination protection from penalties for illegal entry the right to work, housing and education the right to freedom of movement the right to identity and travel documents

12. What are the limitations to the freedom of expression according to the ICCPR? Do you agree with these limitations? OR How is genocide defined? Is it a ‘useful’ definition? (Define useful as well)