1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

3. Paleolithic Age 2 million to 8,000 BCE

5. 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

6. “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made tools  Made tools

7. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines  Australopithecines An Apposable Thumb  An Apposable Thumb

8. Australopithecus Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia –Nicknamed “Lucy” 40% of SWF, 4’6”, 55lb., bipedal Brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit Estimated date of death: 3.5 million years ago

9.  HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.  found in East Africa. created stone tools.  created stone tools.

10. Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

11. 1,600,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) BIPEDALISM  BIPEDALISM

12. Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

13. 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

14. NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead.  First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins.  Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.  Lived in caves and tents.

15. NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

16. CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )  Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

18. The Natural Environment By 13,000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: –Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hutlike dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction –Climactic change may have accelerated process

19. Relative Social Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth –More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, charisma Possible gender equality related to food production –Men: protein from hunting –Women: plant gathering

20. Big Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions –Development of weaponry –Animal-skin disguises –Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones Requires planning, communication

21. Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society –Modern Israel and Jordan –Wild wheat, herding Jomon society –Japan –Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society –Pacific Northwest –Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more

22. The San of South Africa egalitarian, valued sharing Smaller mobile camps trade= to build relationships Short work week, leisure time = visiting, music, naming ceremony,detailed rock art, complex religion “insulting the meat” prevent ego problems Gender equality

24. The Chumash of Southern California Densely populated (20, 000) people= a pseudo class system develops. Tomol canoe- cargo vessel used to trade with mainland and islands. Tomol builders – exclusive group. Diplomatic solutions to problems between dependent groups Leadership= male heir (some female chiefs.) Market economy with currency.

26. 70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

27. “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

28. 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

29. Origins of early spread of agriculture

30. Origins of Agriculture

31. Main thesis: Archeological findings (including paleopathology) suggest that "in many ways, adoption of agriculture was not progress but a catastrophe from which humans have never recovered"

32. Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

33. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

34. World Population Growth Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

35. Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.  Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged.  More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

36. 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants Division of labor  Division of labor Engaged in trade  Engaged in trade  Organized religion Small military  Small military 12 cultivated crops  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

37. Çatal Hüyük

38. Early Villages Earliest villages located in the Middle East Population of early villages evolved from the hundreds to the thousands Probably declined due to environmental degradation Top: Artist rendering of the early village of Catal Huyuk; Bottom: statue of a goddess from Catal Huyuk

39. What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

40. World Population Growth

41. Negative Effects of Population Growth

46. AdvancedCities SpecializedWorkers ComplexInstitutions Record-Keeping AdvancedTechnology