1. Chapter 3 1 Nature, nurture, and human diversity Chapter 3

2. 2 Environment Every nongenetic influence, for prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

3. Chapter 3 3 Behavior genetics The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

4. Chapter 3 4 Chromosomes Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

5. Chapter 3 5 DNA A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosome.

6. Chapter 3 6 Genes The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

7. Chapter 3 7 Genome Complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all that genetic material and that organisms chromosomes.

8. Chapter 3 8 Identical twins Twins who develop from a single fertilized eggs that splits into, creating to genetically identical organisms.

9. Chapter 3 9 Fraternal twins Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

10. Chapter 3 10 Temperament A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

11. Chapter 3 11 Heritability Proportion of variation among the individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environment study.

12. Chapter 3 12 Interaction The effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as hereditary).

13. Chapter 3 13 Molecular genetics A subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

14. Chapter 3 14 Evolutionary psychology The study of the evolution of behavior in the mine, using principles of natural selection.

15. Chapter 3 15 Natural selection The principle that among the range of an inherited trait variation, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

16. Chapter 3 16 Mutation A random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

17. Chapter 3 17 Gender In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristic by which people define male and female.

18. Chapter 3 18 Culture The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

19. Chapter 3 19 Norm Understood rule for excepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “ proper” behavior.

20. Chapter 3 20 Personal space The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

21. Chapter 3 21 Individualism Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

22. Chapter 3 22 Collectivism Given prior to the goals of one’s group in defining one’s identity accordingly.

23. Chapter 3 23 Aggression Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

24. Chapter 3 24 X-chromosome Sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X. chromosomes; males have one. And X- chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

25. Chapter 3 25 Y-chromosome Sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an ex-chromosome from the mothers, it produces a male child.

26. Chapter 3 26 Testosterone The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

27. Chapter 3 27 Role a set of expectations [norms] about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

28. Chapter 3 28 Gender role A set of expected behaviors for males and for females.

29. Chapter 3 29 Gender identity One’s sense of being male or female.

30. Chapter 3 30 Gender typing The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

31. Chapter 3 31 Social learning theory The theory that we learned social behavior by observing and imitating by being rewarded or punished.

32. Chapter 3 32 Gender schema theory The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.