1. Junior Comprehensive Chuna Bremsstrahlung Interactions that occur after Beta Minus Decay

2. Vocabulary Introduction Probability Equation Understanding The Equation

3. Probability Distribution Equation Introduction Probability Equation Understanding the Equation P r o b a b il i t y Energy

4. Probability Equation Understanding the Equation Formatting Equation

5. Note: Specifics Energy (keV) End-point energy (keV) Intensity (%) Dose ( MeV/Bq-s ) 866.8 10 2058.02 22 0.0082 % 6 7.1E-5 5 2481.5 10 5390.86 8 99.9913 % 8 2.4813 10 3286.2 10 7024.53 8 5E-4 % 5 1.6E-5 16 Beta-: Understanding Equation Formatting Equation

6. Note : Specifics Formatting Equation Normalizing the Equation

7. Normalization Formatting Equation Normalizing Equation Probability Distribution

8. Normalizing the Equation Probability Distribution Expected Photon Energy Probability Distribution of Photon Energy ProbabilityProbability Energy of Emitted Photon (keV) Mathematica

9. Expected Photon Energy Probability Distribution Expected Photon Energy Application to Experiment

10. Transmission/Attenuation Photons’ have 0% transmission rate photons’ have >0% transmission rate All the energy given off by Bremsstrahlung interactions trapped inside the crystal. If no other energy escapes due to particle interaction than detector measures all other initial energy Some photons escape with some of the electrons initial energy The detector measures less than initial energy Expected Photon Energy Application to Experiment F Transmission

11. 672.763 keV - Average Energy of Photon given off due to Bremsstrahlung interaction RESULTS: Attenuation [%]: 88.0411 Transmission [%]: 11.9589 – Likelihood of photon escaping the medium Interaction Probability [%]: Photo absorption: 9.6587 Compton Scattering: 75.3758 Rayleigh Scattering: 3.0066 Nuclear Field Pair Production: 0.0000 Electron Field Pair Production: 0.0000 Application to Experiment F Transmission G Transmission

12. 502.016 keV - Average Energy of Photon given off due to Bremsstrahlung interaction RESULTS: Attenuation [%]: 92.9071 Transmission [%]: 7.0929 -Likelihood of photon escaping the medium Interaction Probability [%]: Photo absorption: 16.3393 Compton Scattering: 72.0658 Rayleigh Scattering: 4.5019 Nuclear Field Pair Production: 0.0000 Electron Field Pair Production: 0.0000 F Transmission G Transmission H Transmission

13. G Transmission H Transmission Results H Transmission 321.218 keV - Average Energy of Photon given off due to Bremsstrahlung interaction RESULTS: Attenuation [%]: 98.5999 Transmission [%]: 1.4001 - Likelihood of photon escaping the medium Interaction Probability [%]: Photo absorption: 35.1417 Compton Scattering: 56.3727 Rayleigh Scattering: 7.0855 Nuclear Field Pair Production: 0.0000 Electron Field Pair Production: 0.0000

14. “Observed” Beta Spectrum 1” NaI Crystal100” NaI Crystal H Attenuation Results Understanding Results CountsCounts Energy (MeV)

15. Results Understanding Results Bibliography Calculated Efficiency Ratio 1” NaI Crystal100” NaI Crystal RatioRatio Energy (MeV)

16. Bibliography http://web-docs.gsi.de/~stoe_exp/ web_programs/x_ray_absorption/index.php http://www.wiikipedia.com – used to develop general understanding and look up coefficient values. H Attenuation Understanding Results Bibliography