1. Normalization MIS335 Database Systems

2. Why Normalization? Optimizing database structure Removing duplications Accelerating the instructions Data integrity!

3. Normalization Terms Functional dependency – X -> Y – Y has a functional dependency on X – For example, {StudentID} -> {StudentEmail} Transitive dependency – If X->Y and Y-> Z, then X-> Z Superkey – Combination of attributes for uniquely identifying database records – There may be several superkeys.

4. Normalization Terms Candidate key – Subset of superkey – Minimal superkey – Student table with,, is a superkey is the candidate key because it can define a tuple uniquely. Primary key – One of the candidate key

5. Normalization Steps 1NF 2NF 3NF BCNF (Boyce-Codd) 4NF 5NF – 4NF and 5NF are not used for this course.

6. 1NF Each attribute contains only atomic values – Atomic value cannot be decomposed. If each attribute contains atomic values, that relation is in first-normal form.

7. 1NF

9. 2NF Non-key values must depend on entire primary key, not only part of primary key

10. 2NF

11. 3NF All non-key values depend only on primary key, not any other.

12. 3NF

13. An example... PK(customer_id, Order_id)