1. Biochemistry Lecture 11

5. Common Biochemical Reaction Types

6. Electrophiles

7. Nucleophiles

8. Nucleophilic Substitution

10. Nucleophilic Acyl Substiution (Group Transfer Reaction)

11. Nucleophilic Addition

12. Carbonyl Condensation

14. Elimination

16. Oxidation and Reduction

17. Overview of Energy Metabolism FATS POLYSACCHARIDES PROTEINS Fatty Acids, Glucose and Amino Acids Glycerol other sugars Stage I Digestion Acetyl CoA Stage II Anaerobic TCA cycle CO 2 CoA e- ADP ATP O2O2 Oxidative Phosphorylation Stage III Aerobic

19. Principles of Regulation The flow of metabolites through the pathways is regulated to maintain homeostasis Sometimes, the levels of required metabolites must be altered very rapidly –Need to increase the capacity of glycolysis during the action –Need to reduce the capacity of glycolysis after the action –Need to increases the capacity of gluconeogenesis after successful action

20. Rates of a Biochemical Reaction Rates of a biochemical reaction depend on many factors Concentration of reactants Activity of the catalyst –Concentration of the enzyme –Intrinsic activity of the enzyme Concentrations of effectors –Allosteric regulators –Competing substrates –pH, ionic environment Temperature

24. Reactions Far From Equilibrium are Common Points of Regulation