1. The Protestant Reformation SS.A.3.4.2; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.3

2. Christian Humanism As the new classical learning and humanism spread north from Italy As the new classical learning and humanism spread north from Italy In the north, it is known as Christian Humanism: the belief that humans have the ability to reason and improve themselves. In the north, it is known as Christian Humanism: the belief that humans have the ability to reason and improve themselves. Through study of classics and basic writings of Christianity, inner piety would reform the Church Through study of classics and basic writings of Christianity, inner piety would reform the Church To change society, you must first change the people who make society To change society, you must first change the people who make society

3. Desiderius Erasmus Believed Christianity should show people how to live, rather than provide a system of beliefs to achieve salvation Believed Christianity should show people how to live, rather than provide a system of beliefs to achieve salvation “Philosophy of Christ” “Philosophy of Christ” He wanted to change the Catholic Church from within He wanted to change the Catholic Church from within Criticized the abuses of the church Criticized the abuses of the church

4. Trouble In The Church Renaissance popes fail to meet church’s spiritual needs Renaissance popes fail to meet church’s spiritual needs Too involved in Italian politics Too involved in Italian politics Many church officials used office to advance their own agenda and fortune Many church officials used office to advance their own agenda and fortune Sale of Indulgences Sale of Indulgences

5. Martin Luther & The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther, a German monk and professor, has idea about salvation from studying the Bible Martin Luther, a German monk and professor, has idea about salvation from studying the Bible “Good works are not needed, salvation comes from faith in Christ alone.” “Good works are not needed, salvation comes from faith in Christ alone.” Justification by faith alone Justification by faith alone The Bible becomes the only authority to Luther and his followers (Protestants) The Bible becomes the only authority to Luther and his followers (Protestants)

6. The Ninety-Five Theses Luther did not consider himself a rebel Luther did not consider himself a rebel Upset by selling of indulgences Upset by selling of indulgences 1517: Luther writes 95 problems he sees in the church; Ninety-Five Theses printed 1517: Luther writes 95 problems he sees in the church; Ninety-Five Theses printed Spreads throughout Germany, Europe Spreads throughout Germany, Europe Pope Leo X ignores problem Pope Leo X ignores problem 1520: Luther begins to ask German princes to break with Catholic Church and establish a reformed “German Church” 1520: Luther begins to ask German princes to break with Catholic Church and establish a reformed “German Church”

7. Break-Away Church Luther attacks Church sacraments Luther attacks Church sacraments Sees them a destroying the true meaning of the gospels; to him, only baptism and Communion (Eucharist) were meaningful Sees them a destroying the true meaning of the gospels; to him, only baptism and Communion (Eucharist) were meaningful Also wanted priests to be able to marry Also wanted priests to be able to marry Luther is excommunicated in 1521 Luther is excommunicated in 1521 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V also not happy with Luther, M.L. is outlawed Holy Roman Emperor Charles V also not happy with Luther, M.L. is outlawed Protected by his prince in Wittenberg Protected by his prince in Wittenberg

8. Rise of Lutheranism Luther’s movement becomes a revolution Luther’s movement becomes a revolution Princes who agreed with Luther broke with the emperor, took control of the Catholic churches in their areas, and put them under government control (Lutheran) Princes who agreed with Luther broke with the emperor, took control of the Catholic churches in their areas, and put them under government control (Lutheran) Luther changes the Catholic mass, with more emphasis on The Bible, preaching and songs Luther changes the Catholic mass, with more emphasis on The Bible, preaching and songs Lutheranism becomes the first Protestant faith Lutheranism becomes the first Protestant faith

9. Political Unrest in Germany Peasants rise up against lords Peasants rise up against lords Luther sides with lords Luther sides with lords Many lords have sway on Luther’s thinking Many lords have sway on Luther’s thinking Luther is dependent on German lords for the growth of his church Luther is dependent on German lords for the growth of his church The faith of Luther’s movement is closely based on politics The faith of Luther’s movement is closely based on politics

10. German Politics & Reform Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was also Charles I—King of Spain Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was also Charles I—King of Spain Controlled an empire including Spain and its colonies, Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the Italian Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Low Countries (Flanders) Controlled an empire including Spain and its colonies, Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the Italian Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Low Countries (Flanders) Hoped to keep control of his empire by keeping it Catholic Hoped to keep control of his empire by keeping it Catholic

11. Problems In Germany Charles goes to war with France for 20 yrs Charles goes to war with France for 20 yrs Pope sides with France Pope sides with France Turks expand empire into Charles’ lands Turks expand empire into Charles’ lands Charles fights the Turks on the eastern front Charles fights the Turks on the eastern front German lords/princes who agree with Luther, break away from H.R. Empire German lords/princes who agree with Luther, break away from H.R. Empire Lutherans have time to organize while Charles is fighting his wars, ready for war Lutherans have time to organize while Charles is fighting his wars, ready for war Peace of Augsburg: Luther and Catholic states are equal within the empire Peace of Augsburg: Luther and Catholic states are equal within the empire