1. Philippine- American War (1899-1902)

2. American invasion took more time and violence  “Nang dumating ang mga Amerikano, tubig lamang at lupa ang hindi nila dala. Armas, pagkain, gamot, kasuotan, mga kabayo at bagol- halos lahat na…Ngunit hindi kami natakot sa kanila. Nasindak lang sa kanilang dami at lakas ng armas. Matatapang ang Pilipino noon.”- Mariano Santos, veteran, 101 years old (1976)

3. US colonial motives  1. economic (captive market; source of raw products)  2. politico-military (military bases)  3. religious (Protestantism)  Aguinaldo was finally convinced of American take-over; Americans were fully-equipped and trained for conventional warfare; Filipinos were badly beaten

4. “Benevolent Assimilation” - McKinley  Benevolent- generous gift  Assimilation- state of being adapted/absorbed  Assassination of Luna (Divide-and-rule)  Imperialism (imperium) -to rule over large territories; any form of domination tthrough colonization  Neo-colonialism; geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a country

5. Conquest of the Visayas  General Martin Delgado burned Iloilo to prevent the Americans from capturing the city  General Arcadio Maxcilom and Leandro Fullon did not give up easily but the Americans subdued Cebu just the same  Negrenses (sugar barons) had sympathized with the Americans and framed the Negros Constitution but McKinley did not take it seriously

6. Kiram-Bates Treaty  Upon learning that the Spaniards failed to completely subjugate the Muslims, the Americans dealt with them in a diplomatic way in order to neutralize their offensive  Gen John Batwes tried to win the Muslims  Datu Kiram insisted that Americans can only occupy Jolo; “Sovereignty of US over Sulu is declared acknowledged”

7. Aguinaldo retreats to Palanan  With the death of Luna, many Filipino field commanders were demoralized; Aguinaldo’s generals surrendered to the Americans  Guerilla warfare was more effective than conventional warfare  Later, Aguinaldo established his headquarters in Palanan, Isabela

8. Battle of Pasong Tirad  While fleeing the Americans, Aguinakldo reached the Mountain Province; General Gregorio del Pilar and 60 Filipino guerillas remained behind to intercept the Americans  See video

9. Capture of Aguinaldo  See newspapers