2. » Generally used for the present tense, but also commonly used with the future in meaning. (the here and now) » Grammatical Structure: ˃Verb is in present tense, conjugated, and in the second position » Example: ˃Ich kaufe das Auto. (Im buying the car; I buy the car.)

3. » Past tense used for written German and formal speech. (the past) » Grammatical Structure: ˃Verb is in the past tense, conjugated, and in the second position » Example: ˃Ich kaufte das Auto. (I bought the car.)

4. » The form of the past tense that is often used in spoken German. (the past) » Grammatical structure: ˃Helping verb, haben or sein, conjugated in present tense, in second position ˃Past participle at the end of the sentence » Example: ˃Ich habe das Auto gekauft. (I (have) bought the car.)

5. » Used to describe what has already happened in the past. Something happened, and then something else happened. (the pasts past) » Grammatical structure: ˃Helping verb: haben or sein, conjugated in the past tense and in the second position ˃Past participle at the end of the sentence » Example: ˃Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. (I had bought the car.)

6. » Mainly used for describing the future, but also used for assumptions. (the future) » Grammatical Structure: ˃Werden: conjugated in the present tense, in the second position ˃Infinitive: at the end of the sentence » Example: ˃Ich werde das Auto kaufen. (I will buy the car.)

7. » Used to refer to things that will have happened by a certain time in the future (the futures past) » Grammatical Structure: ˃Werden: conjugated in the present tense, in the second position ˃Past participle: at the end of the sentence ˃Haben: infinitive (NOT conjugated), the very last word in the sentence » Example: ˃Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. (Ill have bought the car.)

8. » Maria hat zwei Semester Deutsch gelernt. » In Deutschland wird Bier getrunken. » Was machten Sie, als Sie jung waren? » Hannah Arendt hatte schon Kant gelesen, als sie sich für ein Studium der Philosophie entschied.