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Published byAmbrose Freeman Modified over 9 years ago
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Molecules of Life---Whoa! Biology 9-9-10
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Overview It’s all about the Carbon Major Biological Molecules Name Function Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acid
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Organic vs. Inorganic Organics Contain CARBON Covalently bonded Large molecules Come from something that is now or once was alive
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Organic vs. Organic Inorganic No Carbon Ionic bonded Tiny Come from the earth’s crust
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Carbon Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
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Carbon Carbon atoms can also bond to each other, which gives carbon the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.
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Carbon Bonds Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
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Macromolecules Organic molecules found in living cells Smaller molecules can combine to form VERY large chains: Polymerization
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Macromolecules The smaller molecules are called monomers. Monomers in a polymer may be identical or different. Macromolecules are grouped according to their chemical composition.
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Behind Door #1 We Have Our First Biological Molecule… CARBOHYDRATES!!!
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Carbohydrates What is the main function??? ENERGY!!! Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates 2 different kinds: Simple Sugars: go right to bloodstream after consumption Complex Carbohydrates: require digestion; can be hours before body can use it.
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Simple Sugars Monosaccharides Relatively small in size Glucose BBlood sugar Sucrose TTable sugar Fructose FFruit sugar Lactose FFound in milk
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Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides. In animals…. Glycogen: many animals store excess sugar here. Glycogen breaks down to glucose and is released into the blood when needed. In muscles, glycogen provides energy for contraction.
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Complex Carbohydrates In plants… Excess sugar plants make is stored as starch. Plants also make cellulose which gives plants their strength and rigidity. iindigestible for humans
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Behind Door # 2….. LIPIDS!!!
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Lipids What are functions of lipids? Protection: fat pads over heart, kidneys, etc. Serves as cushions over organs. Hormones and Steriods made by the body: estrogen, testosterone Cholesterol found in cell membranes Lubrication (joints): act like gel packs between joints. Energy Storage Important part of biological membranes (cell membranes) Waterproof coverings
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What are lipids made of? Mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Lipids are generally NOT soluble in water What is another word for that property? HYDRAPHOBIC
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Lipids- Fatty Acids Fats- SATURATED Solids at room temperature; come from animals; single chain C molecules CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Oils- UNSATURATED/ POLYUNSATURATED Liquid at room temperature; come from plants; multiple bond chains of C CH 2 =CH-CH=CH-CH=CH 2
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Lipids Hydrogenation Taking an unsaturated lipid and turning it into a saturated lipid by adding Hydrogen (H) to the lipid. Double bonds are broken and replaced by single bond H to Carbon. Tends to produce transfats.
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Lipids Lipids can be formed when a glycerol molecule combines with fatty acids
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Lipids
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Behind Door #3…. Nucleic Acids!!!
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Nucleic Acids What is their function? To store and transmit hereditary/ genetic information DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid: biological blueprint RNA - Ribonucleic acid: carries out instructions from DNA
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Nucleic Acids Nucleotides: monomers that make up nucleic acids (polymers). Nucleotide structure: 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group (-PO 4 ) Nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids Main Nucleotides: Adenine (DNA and RNA) Guanine (DNA and RNA) Cytosine (DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)
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And Finally… Behind Door #4… PROTEINS!!!
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Proteins What are functions of Proteins?? Structural: muscle, hair Enzymes--pure protein: catalysts which allow chemical reactions to take pace at normal body temperature. Transport: substances attach to protein to enter cells.
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Proteins Proteins are made of compounds called amino acids. All proteins contain C, O, N, H Amino acids are made up of an amino group (-NH 2 ) and a carboxyl group (COOH). How do amino acids differ? R-group
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Proteins
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What is an R-group? This is a generic notation for some type of Carbon group. The R-group can also be a Hydrogen. In this case it is whatever is attached to the amino and carboxyl groups that make up the amino acid.
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Proteins
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How many amino acids exist in nature? More than 20 different types (because of R-group) Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecule because of all the possible arrangements of amino acids.
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Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Peptides/ polypeptides Small, short strings of amino acids Covalently bonded Protein A functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides Large; long chains of amino acids
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Proteins Complete Proteins: Animal protein molecules contain repeated use of all 20 different amino acids. Incomplete Proteins: Most plant sources produce proteins that do not contain all 20 amino acids. Vegetarians need to eat a variety of plants in order to get the amino acids they need for their own protein synthesis.
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Proteins: Levels of Organization Proteins can have 4 different structural levels of organization. Primary Structure: is the sequence of its amino acids. Secondary Structure: the folding or coiling of a peptide chain. Typically done by hydrogen bonding.
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Proteins: Levels of Organization
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Tertiary Structure: the complete 3-D arrangement of the polypeptide chain. Fourth Level of Structure: proteins with more than one chain; fourth level describes the way the different polypeptide chains are arranged with respect to each other.
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