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3. What is Biology ? Bios- =life -logy = study of Study of Life 2 Are you alive? What are you made of?

4. Major Branches of Biology: 1.Botany Plant Biology 2.Zoology Study of animals What makes something alive? (What do all living things have in common?) Think/Pair/Share 3 Cytology: Genetics: Ecology:

5. Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made up of Cells - Multi- or uni- 2. Can reproduce 3. Grow and Develop 4. Obtain & use material for energy 5. Maintain a stable internal environment Homeostasis Metabolism 4 Textbook pgs 15- 19

6. Characteristics of Living Things 6. Based on a universal genetic code 7. Change over time 8. Response to their Environment 5 Evolution DNA

7. Cells 6

8. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction  Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a  Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent.  Offspring genetically the same  It is very common in plants; less so in animals. Sexual Reproduction  Sexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the fusion of gametes.  Two parents  Offspring genetically different 7

9. Metabolism Sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. Breakdown and build up. 8

10. Universal Genetic Material DNA Information passed from parent to offspring 9

11. Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made Up of Cells 2. Reproduce 3. Are Based on a Genetic Code 4. Growth and Development 5. Need for Materials and Energy 6. Response to the Environment 7. Maintaining Internal Balance 8. Evolution (change over time) 10

12. Scientific method Intro Clip

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15. Goals 1.Explain the relationships between structures and function in living cells. 2.Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. 3.Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

16. Organic Chemistry Study of Compounds that contain Carbon.Study of Compounds that contain Carbon. Why is carbon so interesting?Why is carbon so interesting? 1-Carbon has 4 valence electrons. 2-Carbon has the ability to form more compounds than any other element. 13 Organic Compounds contain Carbon. All living things contain the element Carbon.

17. CARBON SKELETONS CREATES DIVERSITY 14 Organic Compounds contain Carbon.

18. What are we composed of? - We have structure- 15 Elements Covalent bonds Atoms Compounds Macromolecules Cell Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acid Carbon compounds Functional groups Nucleus DNA Ribosomes Endomembrane Organelles Organic Compounds contain Carbon. make up

19. Macromolecules of Life4 basic Molecules 1.C arbohydrates 2.L ipids 3.P roteins 4.N ucleic Acids 16

20. 17 Sports Tip of the Day Carbohydrates=energy

21. 18 Carbohydrates = Sugars Carbohydrates=energy

22. Carbohydrates 2 main functions 1) Provide energy to living cells. –Main Source of energy. 2) Structural Components -cell walls Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio) –The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules. 19 Carbohydrates=energy

23. Vocabulary Check Monomer- Single unit Polymer- many units 20 Many molecules are made of up one or more smaller units. One Monomer + One Monomer = Polymer Carbohydrates=energy

24. This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul. JOKE BREAK 21 Carbohydrates=energy

25. Monosaccharides one sugar unit Glucose - plants make during photosynthesis Galactose -milk C 6 H 12 O 6 22 Apple Juice RNA Simple sugars Carbohydrates=energy

26. Disacchrides two sugars What molecule will this make? 23 Complex sugar Carbohydrates=energy

27. Sucrose Table SugarTable Sugar Plant transportPlant transportDisacchrides 24 Carbohydrates=energy

28. Polysaccharides Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured) Glycogen functions as a fuel store in animals. - Large amounts are stored in liver and muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals.Glycogen functions as a fuel store in animals. - Large amounts are stored in liver and muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals. 25 “Many sugars”“Many sugars” Complex sugar Carbohydrates=energy

29. 26Polysaccharides “Many sugars”“Many sugars” Carbohydrates=energy

30. Starch- plants store sugars in this form.Starch- plants store sugars in this form. Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells are visible as small dots. 27Polysaccharide Carbohydrates=energy

31. Energy Carbohydrates store energy in their chemical bonds. Your body breaks down the sugars to get energy. Animation 28Polysaccharide Carbohydrates=energy

32. Plant Cell Walls Cellulose 29 Structure Polysaccharide Carbohydrates=Structure

33. 30 storage structure Carbohydrates=energy & structure

34. Carbohydrates Review Used for: Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for most living things and include sugars, like glucose and sucrose, and starches. –Starches are long chains of sugars. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. –An example of this is cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls, and chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Made of: Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. 31 Carbohydrate Review Clip (Std Dev)

36. Long-term Energy Storage Long-term Energy Storage More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes. Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes. They are insoluble in water due to the nonpolarity of the molecules. They are insoluble in water due to the nonpolarity of the molecules. Make good cell membranes. Make good cell membranes. Lipids Overview 32 Elements : C, H, O Lipids=Store energy & membranes

37. Cells use lipids for: Cells use lipids for: Long-term energy storage. Long-term energy storage. Cushions & Insulation. Cushions & Insulation. Protective coatings & Waterproofing Protective coatings & Waterproofing Cell membranes (Phospholipids). Cell membranes (Phospholipids). Examples: Fats, oils, waxes Fats, oils, waxes Cutin in plants. It helps plants retain water (waterproofing). Cutin in plants. It helps plants retain water (waterproofing). 33 Lipids=Store energy & membranes

38. Structure of Lipids Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chainsGlycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains 34Glycerol fatty acid chains ENERGY stored in the C-H bonds! Lipids=Cushions & Protects

39. Lipids “don’t like” water. Phospholipids & Membrane Structure 35 Lipids=Store energy & membranes

40. 36 Saturated Fat -No double bonds, so they lay flat. "the enemy" -Solid at room Temperature Unsaturated Fat -Double bonds, so they DO NOT lay flat. "the good guys"! -Liquid at room Temperature Lipids=Cushions & Protects

41. Lipids Review Used for: Lipids provide insulation, store energy, cushion internal organs, and are found in biological membranes. The waterproof, waxy surface of some leaves contains lipids. –Examples of lipids include fats and oils. Made of: Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. The structural building block of a lipid is the fatty acid combined with glycerol (a type of alcohol).

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43. Proteins Functions Transport molecules Hemoglobin transports oxygen Storage molecules Iron stored in the liver in a protein complex Mechanical support Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain collagen Hormones Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions Helps control metabolism. Immune System Antibodies in the immune system 42 C, H, O, N, S

44. Proteins-Structure Elements: CHONSElements: CHONS Made of small units called Amino AcidsMade of small units called Amino Acids 43 Amino Acids Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins.

45. 44 Bonds that holds Amino Acids together is called a Peptide Bond.

46. JOKE BREAK…..

47. Protein can be large complex molecules. 45 Function of a protein depends on the Amino Acid sequence, shape and its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule.

48. Denaturing Proteins pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, protein may unravel and lose its conformation and no longer works. 46

49. Can have fatal consequences. Ex: Inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of a protein chain out of 146. When the amino acid sequesnce is wrong: Sickle Cell Anemia: 47

50. Proteins Review Used for: Proteins include: enzymes, some hormones, antibodies, and various structural parts of organisms are proteins. –These protein molecules differ in the number, kinds, and sequence of amino acids they contain. Made of: Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. The 20 amino acids can be combined to form a great variety of protein molecules in living things.

51. …are PROTEINS!!!!!! 48

52. Enzymes speed up chemical reaction. These reaction would take place anyway… enzymes just speed them up! 49 Enzymes are biological catalysts -A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins

53. Examples of an Enzyme

55. Without an enzyme! With an enzyme! 50

56. How do ENZYMES work? 1.The enzyme attaches to one or more of the reactants in a reaction. 2.The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as the substrates. 3.The part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches to the enzyme is called the active site. 4.The shape of the active site only fits the shape of the substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key. In this way only the correct substrate binds to the enzyme. 51

57. 52 Active Site Animation

58. Reactants/ Substrates Enzyme Enzymes can only bind to certain substrates this is known as the Lock-and-Key Mechanism. When the reaction is over the Enzyme is left as it was. 53 Animation

59. Once the enzyme and substrate are together, the enzyme holds the substrate so the reaction can occur. Once the reaction is over, the enzyme unlocks the product and the enzyme can start a new reaction with an identical substrate. Enzymes are not permanently changed or used up in reactions 54 Animation

60. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Effect of Enzymes Go to Section: Enzymes work by LOWERING the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed. 55

61. How do you speed up enzymes? 1.Add more of the enzyme. Warm up the enzyme! Don’t warm it too much or it may denature and stop working. 56

62. change in the pH A change in the pH of the enzyme can cause a change in the shape of the active site, therefore changing the activity of the enzyme. 57 Animation

63. 53

64. Each Chemical reaction in your body is helped along by a different enzyme. Enzymes have 4 special features in common do not 1. They do not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. They just make the processes take place faster! 2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions. 3. The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction. 4 Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate. 54 Enzyme pH and Conc lab animation

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66. Nucleic acids are complex macro- molecules that store genetic information in cells in the form of a code. 38 Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info

67. 39 Function: Stores and transmits genetic information Two TYPES of nucleic acids – 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double strand of genetic information 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS C, H, O, N, P Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info

68. Nucleotides (monomers) have 3 parts: 1.A phosphate group 2.A sugar 3.A base. 40 Polymers of nucleotides Stores and transmits genetic information

69. Nucleic Acids Review Used for: Nucleic acids contain all the information that an organism needs to live. Nucleic acids direct the construction of proteins. The genetic information an organism receives from its parents is in the form of nucleic acids. Made of: The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are composed of chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

70. REVIEW OF MACROMOLECULES

71. From the EOCT study guide:

72. EOCT Practice Question #1: Which of these molecules are used to store energy in living things? A) carbohydrates and lipids B) carbohydrates and proteins C) lipids and proteins D) lipids and nucleic acids

73. EOCT Practice Question #2: Hereditary information is determined by molecules of… A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) nucleotides D) proteins

74. SMARTBOARD Review….. Now it’s your turn!