2. AP Biology ANNOUNCEMENTS  UNIT 3 Ecology Exam Average:  Summa Cum Laude:  Magna Cum Laude:  Mastered with a 80% or above: 70% Raymond Tevin Jonathon, Markell, Justin, Roslynn, Lavel, Matthew`

3. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Structure / monomer  monosaccharide  Function  energy  raw materials  energy storage  structural compounds  Examples  glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond

4. AP Biology 2006-2007 Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy

5. AP Biology Lipids  Lipids are composed of C, H, O  long hydrocarbon chains (H-C)  “Family groups”  fats  phospholipids  steroids  Do not form polymers  big molecules made of smaller subunits  not a continuing chain

6. AP Biology Fats  Structure:  glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid  fatty acid = long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group “head” dehydration synthesis H2OH2O enzyme

7. AP Biology Building Fats  Triglyceride  3 fatty acids linked to glycerol  ester linkage = between OH & COOH hydroxylcarboxyl

8. AP Biology Dehydration synthesis dehydration synthesis H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O enzyme

9. AP Biology Fats store energy  Long HC chain  polar or non-polar?  hydrophilic or hydrophobic?  Function:  energy storage  concentrated  all H-C!  2x carbohydrates  cushion organs  insulates body  think whale blubber! Why do humans like fatty foods?

10. AP Biology Saturated fats  All C bonded to H  MORE HYDROGENS!  long, straight chain  most animal fats  solid at room temp.  contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits

11. AP Biology Unsaturated fats  C=C double bonds in the fatty acids  plant & fish fats  vegetable oils  liquid at room temperature  the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated?

12. AP Biology Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

13. AP Biology Phospholipids  Structure:  glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4  PO 4 = negatively charged It’s just like a penguin… A head at one end & a tail at the other!

14. AP Biology Phospholipids  Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?  fatty acid tails =  PO 4 head =  split “personality” interaction with H 2 O is complex & very important! “repelled by water” “attracted to water” Come here, No, go away! hydrophobic hydrophillic

15. AP Biology Phospholipids in water  Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H 2 O  Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H 2 O bilayer water

16. AP Biology Why is this important?  Phospholipids create a barrier in water  define outside vs. inside  they make cell membranes! Tell them about soap!

17. AP Biology Steroids  Structure:  4 fused C rings + ??  different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings  different structure creates different function  examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

18. AP Biology Cholesterol  Important cell component  animal cell membranes  precursor of all other steroids  including vertebrate sex hormones  high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

19. AP Biology D.N.A Objective: Describe the four levels of protein conformation and relate them to reversable and nonreversable denaturation Label the definition with the correct macromolecule A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic acids D. Lipids E. Steroids 1. Synthesized at the ribosome 2. Includes glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and glucose 3. Used for insulation and buoyancy in marine Arctic animals 4. Used to carry the genetic code

20. AP Biology 2008-2009 Proteins Multipurpose molecules

21. AP Biology Proteins  Most structurally & functionally diverse group  Function: involved in almost everything  enzymes  structure (keratin, collagen)  carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin)  cell communication  signals (insulin & other hormones)  receptors  defense (antibodies)

22. AP Biology Proteins  Structure  monomer = amino acids  20 different amino acids growth hormones H2O

23. AP Biology Amino acids  Structure  central carbon  amino group  carboxyl group (acid)  R group (side chain)  variable group  different for each amino acid  confers unique chemical properties to each amino acid  like 20 different letters of an alphabet  can make many words (proteins) —N——N— H H C—OH || O R | —C— | H Oh, I get it! amino = NH2 acid = COOH

24. AP Biology Building proteins  Peptide bonds  covalent bond between NH 2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another  C–N bond peptide bond dehydration synthesis H2O

25. AP Biology Protein structure & function hemoglobin  Function depends on structure  3-D structure  twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape collagen pepsin

26. AP Biology Primary (1°) structure  Order of amino acids in chain  amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)  slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function  even just one amino acid change can make all the difference! lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria

27. AP Biology Sickle cell anemia I’m hydrophilic! But I’m hydrophobic! Just 1 out of 146 amino acids!

28. AP Biology Secondary (2°) structure  “Local folding”  folding along short sections of polypeptide  interactions between adjacent amino acids  H bonds  weak bonds between R groups  forms sections of 3-D structure   -helix   -pleated sheet

29. AP Biology Tertiary (3°) structure  “Whole molecule folding”  interactions between distant amino acids  hydrophobic interactions  cytoplasm is water-based  nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water  H bonds & ionic bonds  disulfide bridges

30. AP Biology Quaternary (4°) structure  More than one polypeptide chain bonded together  only then does polypeptide become functional protein  hydrophobic interactions collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin

31. AP Biology Protein structure (review) amino acid sequence peptide bonds 1° determined by DNA R groups H bonds R groups hydrophobic interactions (H & ionic bonds) 3° multiple polypeptides hydrophobic interactions 4° 2°

32. AP Biology Protein denaturation  Unfolding a protein  temperature  pH  salinity  alter 2° & 3° structure  alter 3-D shape  destroys functionality  some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot In Biology, size doesn’t matter, SHAPE matters!

33. AP Biology CREATE A CONCEPT MAP  In a group of 4, each person is responsible for creating a concept map for one of the macromolecules  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

34. AP Biology

35. Nucleic Acids Information storage

36. AP Biology proteins DNA Nucleic Acids  Function:  genetic material  stores information  genes  blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information  blueprint for new cells  blueprint for next generation

37. AP Biology A A A A T C G C G T G C T

38. Nucleic Acids  Examples:  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  single helix  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  double helix  Structure:  monomers = nucleotides RNADNA

39. AP Biology Nucleotides  3 parts  nitrogen base (C-N ring)  pentose sugar (5C)  ribose in RNA  deoxyribose in DNA  phosphate (PO 4 ) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

40. AP Biology Types of nucleotides  2 types of nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  purines  double ring N base  adenine (A)  guanine (G)  pyrimidines  single ring N base  cytosine (C)  thymine (T)  uracil (U) Purine = AG Pure silver!

41. AP Biology Nucleic polymer  Backbone  sugar to PO 4 bond  N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone

42. AP Biology Pairing of nucleotides  Nucleotides bond between DNA strands  H bonds  purine :: pyrimidine  A :: T  2 H bonds  G :: C  3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important?

43. AP Biology DNA molecule  Double helix  H bonds between bases join the 2 strands  A :: T  C :: G H bonds? Why is this important?

44. AP Biology Copying DNA  Replication  2 strands of DNA helix are complementary  have one, can build other  have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

45. AP Biology When does a cell copy DNA?  When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied?  cell reproduction  mitosis  gamete production  meiosis

46. AP Biology DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953

47. AP Biology Watson and Crick … and others… 1953 | 1962

48. AP Biology Maurice Wilkins… and… 1953 | 1962

49. AP Biology Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

50. AP Biology Interesting note…  Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule  2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds  biotech procedures  more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands  high T° organisms  many G-C  parasites  many A-T (don’t know why)

51. AP Biology Another interesting note…  ATP Adenosine triphosphate ++  modified nucleotide  adenine (AMP) + P i + P i